What Was the Mariel Boatlift From Cuba

The Mariel boatlift was a mass exodus of Cubans fleeing socialist Cuba for the United States. It took place between April and October 1980 and ultimately included 125,000 Cuban exiles. The exodus was a result of Fidel Castros decision, following protests by 10,000 asylum seekers, to open the Mariel Harbor to allow any Cubans who wanted to leave to do so. The boatlift had wide-ranging repercussions. Before then, Cuban exiles had mainly been white and middle- or upper-class. The Marielitos (as Mariel exiles were referred to) represented a much more diverse group both racially and economically, and included many gay Cubans who had experienced repression in Cuba. However, Castro also took advantage of the open arms policy of the Carter administration to forcefully deport thousands of convicted criminals and mentally ill people. Fast Facts: The Mariel Boatlift Short Description: A mass exodus by boat of 125,000 exiles from Cuba to the U.S.Key Players/Participants: Fidel Castro, Jimmy CarterEvent Start Date: April 1980Event End Date: October 1980Location: Mariel, Cuba Cuba in the 1970s During the 1970s, Fidel Castro set about institutionalizing the initiatives of the socialist revolution during the previous decade, including nationalization of industries and the creation of universal and free healthcare and education systems. However, the economy was in shambles and worker morale was low. Castro critiqued the centralization of the government and aimed to promote more political participation by the population. In 1976, a new constitution created a system called poder popular (peoples power), a mechanism for the direct election of municipal assemblies. Municipal assemblies would elect the provincial assemblies, who chose the deputies who made up the National Assembly, which holds legislative power. In order to address the stagnant economy, material incentives were introduced and wages were linked to productivity, with workers needing to fill a quota. Workers who exceeded the quota were rewarded with a wage increase and given preferential access to large appliances in high demand, like televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, and even cars. The government addressed absenteeism and underemployment by introducing an anti-loafing law in 1971. All of these changes resulted in economic growth at an annual rate of 5.7% during the 1970s. Of course, Cuban trade—both exports and imports—was heavily targeted toward the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries, and thousands of Soviet advisors traveled to Cuba to provide technical assistance and material support in construction, mining, transportation, and other industries. Construction workers use antiquates methods in Havana, Cuba. Circa 1976.   Pictorial Parade / Getty Images During the later 1970s, the Cuban economy stagnated again and there were food shortages, putting pressure on the government. Moreover, housing shortages had been a major problem since the Revolution, particularly in rural areas. The redistribution of homes that had been abandoned by exiles fleeing Cuba had ameliorated the housing crisis in urban areas (where most of the exiles lived), but not in the interior. Castro prioritized housing construction in rural areas but there were limited funds, many architects and engineers had fled the island, and the U.S. trade embargo made it more difficult to obtain materials. Although major housing projects were completed in Havana and Santiago (the islands second largest city), the construction couldnt keep pace with the population increase and there was overcrowding in cities. Young couples, for example, couldnt move to their own place and most homes were inter-generational, which led to familial tensions. Relations With the U.S. Before Mariel Up until 1973, Cubans had been free to leave the island—and around one million had fled by the time of the Mariel boatlift. However, at that point the Castro regime shut the doors in an attempt to halt the massive brain drain of professionals and skilled workers. The Carter presidency ushered in a short-lived detente between the U.S. and Cuba in the late 1970s, with Interest Sections (in lieu of embassies) established in Havana and Washington in 1977. High on the U.S.s list of priorities was the release of Cuban political prisoners. In August 1979, the Cuban government freed over 2,000 political dissidents, allowing them to leave the island. In addition, the regime began allowing Cuban exiles to return to the island to visit relatives. They brought money and appliances with them, and Cubans on the island began to get a taste of the possibilities of living in a capitalist country. This, in addition to discontent regarding the economy and housing and food shortages, contributed to the unrest leading to the Mariel boatlift. A huge demonstration, counting nearly one million persons, parades in Havana on April 19, 1980, off the Peru Embassy, in protest against the Cuban refugees inside the Embassy. AFP / Getty Images   Peruvian Embassy Incident Beginning in 1979, Cuban dissidents began to assault international embassies in Havana to demand asylum and hijack Cuban boats to escape to the U.S. The first such attack was on May 14, 1979, when 12 Cubans crashed a bus into the Venezuelan Embassy. Several similar actions were taken over the next year. Castro insisted that the U.S. help Cuba prosecute the boat hijackers, but the U.S. ignored the request. On April 1, 1980, bus driver Hector Sanyustiz and five other Cubans drove a bus into the gates of the Peruvian Embassy. Cuban guards started shooting. Two of the asylum seekers were injured and one guard was killed. Castro demanded the release of the exiles to the government, but the Peruvians refused. Castro responded on April 4 by removing guards from the Embassy and leaving it unprotected. Within hours, over 10,000 Cubans had stormed the Peruvian Embassy demanding political asylum. Castro agreed to allow the asylum seekers to leave. Castro Opens Port of Mariel In a surprise move, on April 20, 1980, Castro declared that anyone who wanted to leave the island was free to do so, as long as they left via the Mariel Harbor, 25 miles west of Havana. Within hours, Cubans took to the water, while exiles in south Florida sent boats to pick up relatives. The next day, the first boat from Mariel docked in Key West, with 48 Marielitos aboard. A boat arrives in Key West, Florida with more Cuban refugees April, 1980 from Mariel Harbor after crossing the Florida Straits.   Miami Herald/Getty Images During the first three weeks, responsibility for intake of the exiles was placed on Florida state and local officials, Cuban exiles, and volunteers, who were forced to construct makeshift immigration processing centers. The town of Key West was particularly overburdened. Anticipating the arrival of thousands more exiles, Florida Governor Bob Graham declared a state of emergency in Monroe and Dade counties on April 28. Realizing that this would be a mass exodus, three weeks after Castro opened the Mariel port, President Jimmy Carter ordered the federal government to begin helping with intake of the exiles. In addition, he proclaimed an open-arms policy in response to the boatlift which would provide an open heart and open arms to refugees seeking freedom from Communist domination. A baby is hoisted in the air as an act of celebration by a group of Cubans May 5,1980 at an Airforce Base in Florida.   Miami Herald/Getty Images This policy was eventually extended to the Haitian refugees (referred to as boat people) who had been fleeing the Duvalier dictatorship since the 1970s. Upon hearing about Castros opening of the Mariel port, many decided to join the exiles fleeing Cuba. After critique from the African American community regarding a double standard (Haitians were often sent back), the Carter administration established the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program on June 20, which allowed Haitians arriving during the Mariel exodus (ending on October 10, 1980) to receive the same temporary status as Cubans and to be treated as refugees. A Coast Guard patrol boat lands at Miami, Florida, carrying 14 Haitian refugees rescued at sea while attempting to get to Florida in a leaking boat. Bettmann/Getty Images Mental Health Patients and Convicts In a calculated move, Castro took advantage of Carters open-arms policy to forcefully deport thousands of convicted criminals, mentally ill people, gay men, and prostitutes; he viewed this move as purging the island of what he termed escoria (scum). The Carter administration attempted to blockade these flotillas, sending the Coast Guard to seize incoming boats, but most were able to evade the authorities. The processing centers in south Florida were quickly overwhelmed, so the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) opened up four more refugee resettlement camps: Eglin Air Force Base in northern Florida, Fort McCoy in Wisconsin, Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, and Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania. Processing times often took months, and in June 1980 riots broke out at various facilities. These events, as well as pop culture references like Scarface (released in 1983), contributed to the misconception that most Marielitos were hardened criminals. Nonetheless, only about 4% of them had criminal records, many of which were for political imprisonment. Schoultz (2009) asserts that Castro took steps to stop the exodus by September 1980, as he was concerned about harming Carters reelection chances. Nonetheless, Carters lack of control over this immigration crisis tanked his approval ratings and contributed to his losing the election to Ronald Reagan. The Mariel boatlift officially ended in October 1980 with an agreement between the two governments. Legacy of the Mariel Boatlift The Mariel boatlift resulted in a major shift in the demographics of the Cuban community in south Florida, where between 60,000 and 80,000 Marielitos settled. Seventy-one percent of them were black or of mixed-race and working-class, which was not the case for the earlier waves of exiles, who were disproportionately white, wealthy, and educated. More recent waves of Cuban exiles—such as the balseros (rafters) of 1994—have been, like the Marielitos, a much more diverse group socio-economically and racially. Sources Engstrom, David W. Presidential Decision Making Adrift: The Carter Presidency and the Mariel Boatlift. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997.Pà ©rez, Louis Jr. Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.The Mariel Boatlift of 1980. https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2017/10/05/the-mariel-boatlift-of-1980/

Popularity of Social Elements between Male and Female

Spring 2013 SOC101-E / Introduction to Sociology Review Essay #5 (1.) Growing up popularity was always changing. In elementary school it was whoever was the most charismatic, being able to befriend anyone and capture their attention. It changed in middle school when the opposite sex became attractive; then it was whoever bloomed early and could keep the guys attention. It flipped once more in high school; girls were more into make-up, money was important, what clique you belonged to, if you were a cheerleader, and if you had a nice car. Popularity came to those who had most if not all of these characteristics; money, looks, charisma, athleticism, wheels, and a large group of friends. I do think that reasons for popularity changed†¦show more content†¦Growing from family interactions to educational differences and peer related connections. There is something for the male at each stage of their life to ensure that the sex role is well etched into the male. Nonpurposive agents come around later in the males’ life, well after having learned and accepted their sex role. These agents are kind of like a buffer, ensuring that the male maintains his sex role. They are not necessarily engaged often in the male’s life, but every male will experience them. They act as an occasional reassurance to the male that he is still well equipped in his sex role. (5.) Sports and online gaming are two big nonpurposive agents of gender in my own life experiences. It is assumes that females are ignorant in both sports and online gaming. They are always picked last when joining the two or not picked to play at all. Males see it as a dominance thing; females are better off doing their own thing than interfering with male’s bonding time. This puts a big barrier between the males and females, showing that the sex roles are still just as prominent as they were around thirty years ago. Even barber shops have become more male oriented. 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Tell Tale Heart Critical Analy Essay Example For Students

Tell Tale Heart Critical Analy Essay The Tell Tale Heart is a story, on the most basic level, of conflict. There is a mental conflict within the narrator himself (assuming the narrator is male). Through obvious clues and statements, Poe alerts the reader to the mental state of the narrator, which is insanity. The insanity is described as an obsession (with the old mans eye), which in turn leads to loss of control and eventually results in violence. Ultimately, the narrator tells his story of killing his housemate. Although the narrator seems to be blatantly insane, and thinks he has freedom from guilt, the feeling of guilt over the murder is too overwhelming to bear. The narrator cannot tolerate it and eventually confesses his supposed perfect; crime. People tend to think that insane persons are beyond the normal realm of reason shared by those who are in their right mind. This is not so; guilt is an emotion shared by all humans. The most demented individuals are not above the feeling of guilt and the havoc it causes to the psyche. Poes use of setting, character, and language reveal that even an insane person feels guilt. Therein lies the theme to The Tell Tale Heart: The emotion of guilt easily, if not eventually, crashes through the seemingly unbreakable walls of insanity. On the surface, the physical setting of The Tell Tale Heart is typical of the period and exceedingly typical of Poe. The narrator and the old man live in an old, dark house: (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers); (Poe 778). Most of the story takes place at night: And this I did for seven long nights-every night just at midnight;#8230;; (778). The physical aspect is not the most important component of setting for this analysis. More important are the mental and emotional settings. This clearly explains the personality of the narrator. One can assume the narrator is insane. He freely admits to his listener that he is ;#8230;-nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous;#8230;; (777). But he then asks, ;#8230;but why will you say that I am mad?; (777). He also admits that, The disease had sharpened my senses;#8230;; (777). If not insanity, what disease does he speak of? The reason for his actions was one of the old mans eyes: #8230;-a pale blue eye, with a film over it; (777). This is easily recognizable to the reader as an eye with cataract on it. This is nothing to obsess over, yet this eye #8230;haunted me day and night; (777). Any sane person would take a physical defect of another with a grain of salt. One statement by the narrator sums up his mental state: You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me; (777). What he is actually saying is: There are madmen who are clumsy in their actions, but not this madman!; This is as close to a self-admission of insanity as possible. The mental setting is put into place by the narrators own statements. This setting is pure chaos starting in the head of the killer and spilling out into the physical world around him resulting in an unnecessary death. When the narrator is explaining the end of his tale to the unnamed listener (presumably a jailor, or a mental health practitioner), he states the beating of the heart was unbearable on his conscious: I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited by the observations of the men-but the noise steadily increased;#8230;I foamed- I raved-I swore!;#8230;the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder-louder-louder!;#8230;They heard!-they suspected!-they knew!;#8230;I felt I must scream or die!;(780). The narrator proceeded to admit his killing of the old man. .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .postImageUrl , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:visited , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:active { border:0!important; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:active , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants Essay Obviously, his mental state was one of pure fear and disillusion. An auditory hallucination of a dead heart beating caused so much mental anguish in the narrator that it made him confess to the crime. This indeed shows insanity. Yet this insanity was not as strong as the guilt pushing through it. Another element that supports the theme is character. Poe never states if the narrator is male or female. The reader generally assumes that the narrator is male. A statement like ;#8230;would a madman be .

There is much to be said about individualism Essay Example For Students

There is much to be said about individualism Essay There is much to be said about individualism. Feelings of freedom and endless possibilities for individual growth are presented throughout these two novels. Although being an individual has its high points, it is not always the road to take. Billy Budd and Ignatius Reilly were both prime examples of individuals. They both showed individualism in their looks and their actions. Individualism ultimately killed or ran off each of these characters. Billy Budd has remarkable looks. He is known as the Handsome Sailor. He is tall with dark skin and rippling muscles. People admired him for his actions as well as his looks. He was the peacemaker on the ship. He was the individual everyone looked up and turned to. When Billy was going to be taken from his ship Captain Graveling was not happy about it, Lieutenant, you are going to take away my best man from me, the jewel of em Melville 46. Billy was then removed from the ship. His goodbye was thought of as rather odd though. He left the Rights-of-Man waving a genial goodbye. Melville 49 Many would be devastated if they were forced to serve their country but Billy looked at it as an opportunity to gain new experiences Ellis, He rather liked this adventurous turn in affairs, which promised an opening into novel scenes and martial excitements Melville 49. A final way he shows individualism is when the chaplain approached him at the end of the story trying to explain to him how to gain salvation before his death, but Billy stayed true to his beliefs about God Wood,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one whom though on the confines of death he felt he could never convert to a dogma; nor for all that did he fear for his future Melville 121. An individual sets out to do what they want to do. Here Billy Budd does not conform to the beliefs of others and sticks to what he believes right up to his death. Billy Budd shows the positive side of individualism. On the opposite side of that, Ignatius showed the negative side. Ignatius J. Reilly showed his individualism with his bad looks and his rude personality. He was very obese with black stringy hair and full-pursed lips, which protruded beneath the bushy black moustache. Toole13 The nature in which Ignatius dressed was rather unappealing to the general publics eye, Ignatius sent waves of flesh rippling beneath the tweed flannel, waves that broke upon buttons and seams Melville 13-14. These words put a picture in the readers mind and helps proves a point that Ignatius doesnt care how he looks, where most people do. A big way that Ignatius individualism shines through is how he lives his life. Ignatius, a 30-year-old man still living at home with his mother, does not have a job. He does not find this to be out of the norm. His mother and he have heated arguments of when he will go out and get a job, Ignatius a big man like you  cant pedal around on no bike delivering newspapers. Perhaps you could drive meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Listen, boy, you gonna go try somewheres tomorrow. I mean it Toole 73. When Ignatius does find a job he does not conform to what the rules are of the job. Wood He takes it upon himself to go above his superior and do his job the way he wants to, Ignatius went to the filling cabinets, picked up the accumulated and unfilled material, and threw it in the wastebasket Toole 125. To most, this would seem strange, but not to Ignatius. He likes to do things his way and not bow down to others rules. .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postImageUrl , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:visited , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active { border:0!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yesenia Rodriguez EssayBeing an individual has it good points and its bad. Billy Budd brought out all the high aspects of it by being a leader and peacemaker to all of his shipmates. Even though in the end he was punished for standing up for what he believes, in his individualism will not be forgotten by his crew. Ignatius, on the other hand, showed the low side of being an individual. His lifestyle did affect many people but in a negative instead of a positive way. Ignatius will be remembered as a bull-headed fat man who did not amount to anything, and Billy Budd will be remembered as the Handsome Sailor who made peoples lives a little easier. The authors try and include different ways of doing things in each of the stories. By making each of the characters an individual they can show how society works against those who choose to be different.

Dialogue Between Hamlet And Ophelia Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Dialogue Between Hamlet And Ophelia Ophelia to Polonius: Oph: He hath my lord, made many tenders of his affections to me. My lord, he hath importu`ned me with love in honourable fashion. And hath given countenance to his speech my lord, with almost all the holy vows of heaven. Letters from Hamlet to Ophelia: Ham: To the celestial, and my soul's idol, the most beautified Ophelia, in her excellent white bosom, these, &c Doubt thou the stars are fire; Doubt that the sun doth move; Doubt truth to be a liar; But never doubt I love. O dear Ophelia, I am ill at these numbers, I ahve not art to reckon my groans; but that I love thee best, O most best, believe it. Adieu. Thine evermore, most dear lady, whilst this machine is to him, Hamlet Ophelia to Hamlet: Oph: My lord, I ave rememberances of that I have long longed to re-deliver, I pray you now recieve them. Ham: No, not I; I never gave them to you aught. ... Ham: ...I did love you once. Oph: Indeed my lord, you made me believe so. Ham: You should not have believed me; for virtue cannot so inoculate your old stock but we shall relish of it; I loved you not. Oph: I was the more decieved. ... Ham: If thou dost marry, I'll give thee this plague for thy dowry,--be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunnery, go; farewell: Or, if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool; for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. To a nunnery, go; and quickly too. Farewell Prologue of Hamlet's play: Pro: For us and for our tragedy, Here stooping to your clemency, we beg you hearing patiently. Ham: Is this a prologue, or the posy of a ring? Oph: Tis brief my lord. Ham: As woman's love. Ophelia's Funeral: Ham: What, the fair Ophelia? ... (Laertes leaps into Ophelia's grave) Ham: What is he whose grief bears such an emphasis? whose phrase of sorrow conjures the wandering stars, and makes like wonder-wounded hearers? this is I Hamlet, the Dane. ... (Hamlet leaps into the grave) Ham: I lov'd Ophelia; forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her? Shakespeare Essays

Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity The WritePass Journal

Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity Abstract Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity Abstract1. Introduction2. The Concept of Backlash3. Backlash and the Contemporary Positions of Men and Women in Organisations4. ConclusionReferencesRelated Title: Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity (Robinson, 2000). What does this mean? How can the concept of backlash help us understand the relative positioning of men and women in organizations? Abstract Men have historically occupied an invisible, gendered space within the work environment. Their privileges compared to women, and their power compared with women, have gone unnoticed through this invisibility.  Ã‚   Through feminism, there has gradually arisen an awareness of these hidden inequalities, and the ways in which men have been prioritised as the ‘neutral’, over-riding voice in the workplace. This awareness has led to some redistribution of power, as women take on greater responsibility, more powerful roles, and obtain better pay. However, the consequences of this have been that men have, in some instances, started to see themselves as victims of women’s growth in the workplace through the phenomenon of backlash. Although seemingly a simple concept, backlash is complex and tricky to measure, and has a number of consequences for both men and women.  Ã‚   The notion of normativity helps us understand the ways in which victimhood has been appropriated by some men to reclaim the power they feel they have lost.  Ã‚   Ideas around backlash and normativity have had a number of repercussions for the workplace and organisational politics, some detrimental to women’s position, although there are suggestions that the right approach to equality can overcome these issues. 1. Introduction The following essay will look at the concept of ‘backlash’, the notion that people are resisting structured organisational attempts to ensure that marginalised workers are employed and given opportunities for promotion. While the concept embraces a number of marginalised workers, for example people of colour and people with disabilities (Burke and Black 1997), this essay will consider only the case of ‘backlash’ for men against women employees.  Ã‚   Male ‘backlash’, it has been claimed, has existed for some considerable time, and is stronger now than in the past (Faludi 1991).   Backlash can be unconscious: men may be unaware that they hold the attitudes they do towards women (Burke and Black 1997). First, the notion of ‘backlash’ will be discussed, and the ideas that it presents â€Å"a complicated struggle over normativity† (Robinson, 2000) analysed. Next, the essay will consider how the notion of backlash is useful for understanding the hierarchical relationships between men and women in organisations. 2. The Concept of Backlash In order to understand the concept of backlash, it is first necessary to look more closely at men’s position within organisations.  Ã‚   It has been argued that men’s status as gendered goes unnoticed by themselves and by others within the organisation.  Ã‚   Men are assumed to be the norm, and to speak for the whole of human kind (Nelson 2006).   Typically, men in organisations are unaware of themselves as men, with â€Å"self-knowledge as gendered subjects †¦ noticeably absent† (Whitehead 2001, p. 309).  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the state of being a man means occupying one of (at least) two possible gendered positions.   While gender is a visible ‘fact’, with most (but not all) men and women being visually distinguished as such, behind this ‘fact’ â€Å"gender is enacted, and society has a pattern of practices and expectations that make this enactment visible† (Bilimoria and Kristin, 2007, p. 38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  While often seen as a genderless, cerebral environment, the workplace, no less than other cultural and social contexts, is one in which organisational decisions are made in an embodied, gendered context (Whitehead and Moodley 1999).   Within the workplace, gender differences exist both visibly and invisibly, and at a number of different levels.   One of the most important of these levels is the symbolic: the ways in which language, clothing, physical symbols, printed media and similar function to express positions about gender. Ideas, attitudes and perceptions also contribute to the complex mix of engenderment in the organisation. The social and political structures of an organisation might appear neutral, however it is likely to be based upon invisible engenderment at deeper levels (Blanpain et al 2008). It should be noted, however, that recognition of the gendered nature of the workplace should not be taken as a simple binary between male and female: â€Å"transgender identities further complicate notions of the gendered subject†. Additionally, invisibilities of sexuality further complicate the matter: the relationship of lesbian to womanhood, and the gay man to masculine identities, needs also to be considered   (Melzer 2006). There is an unfair balance of power between men and women in the workplace, with men generally getting better pay, conditions and holding higher positions within organisations. Women’s abilities as leaders often go unnoticed or are ignored, and the phenomenon of the ‘glass ceiling’ is well-documented (Haslett et al 1992).   This unfair balance seems to be a function of men’s invisibility as gendered subjects: if men are perceived unconsciously to be the norm, then women are by definition outside the norm, and are consequently subject to poorer work conditions including pay and promotion. One reaction to this is for the oppressed groups to act to make people aware of men’s privileges and bring to light their hidden engenderment.   This opens the possibility of making the inequalities between men and women visible to all.   Mutua (2006) describes â€Å"unearned benefits† which men possess, just by being born men, and suggests that rather than seeing the inequalities between men and women in the workplace in terms of how poorly women are treated, we reverse this and look at, for example, how much more men earn on average than do women (Mutua 2006). In general, there has been a concerted effort in many countries to make gender inequalities in the workplace more visible (Kabeer et al 2008). This can, however, make the privileged group – men – defensive and angry.   By making people more aware of male engenderedness, and by   bringing   the inequalities that this hides to light, ‘backlash’ can result, as men start to see themselves as victims.  Ã‚   As such, they begin to occupy an ambivalent position, both invisible and visible. There are reasons for men to claim both these states. Robinson suggests that men have good reason to want to be invisible, as invisibility allows them to continue to enjoy benefits that women cannot access.   However, they can also gain from being visible, and visible as an oppressed group, a victim of female power (Robinson 2000).   Faludi (1991) made the concept of ‘backlash’ popular.   While, she suggested, anti-feminist feeling has always played a part in modern America, there have been particular incidences of backlash in recent history, particularly when â€Å"women are poised to make real gains in social and political life† (Boyd 2007, p. 5).   For Faludi (1991) backlash works by presenting an opposite position as the truth, and by blaming women for wider social difficulties, that is, blaming feminism for creating problems for women, rather than offering a solution to such problems (Walby 1997) The notion of ‘backlash’ is often presented as a simple reaction by men against a growth in women’s rights. However, the idea is more complex than this suggests. For example, it can cover different types of male resistance to attempts to redress inequalities between the sexes: men who may once have approved of this in principle, but now no longer do so, and those who have never approved of equality for women (Goode 1982). Backlash has also changed over time, with Faludi (1991) arguing that it is more common now than in the past. This increase may be down to a number of reasons including increased competition in organisations for pay and position, the growth of political correctness in the workplace, and increased media coverage of gender inequalities. Men are also increasingly aware of how the workplace is changing, with women gradually gaining more power and taking on roles that used to be the sole preserve of men (Burke and Black 1997).   Backlash can also be seen as a function of male insecurity over a changing world, as men blame women’s increased power for ills which befall them.  Ã‚   These feelings are fuelled by a predominantly right-wing media and corporate culture (Kimmel 2004). Estimates vary regarding the prevalence of backlash. Early studies (Astrachan 1986; AMOI 1988) suggested that up to 90% of men were in favour of women maintaining a traditional role.   While backlash in organisations seems to have been clearly identified, there are relatively few empirical studies assessing its prevalence, and a lack of clarity about the best ways of measuring it. Many researchers use the Implicit Association Test, a wider social psychology test designed to measure automatic associations between mental concepts in memory as a way of quantifying implicit stereotypes about gender (Rudman and Glick 2001) There are also different understandings of the impact of backlash on the wider workplace: backlash can increase tension between men and women, makes bonds between men stronger, and can fracture relationships between women to the extent that women have carved a role within the male environment or not (Burke and Black 1997). Backlash is sometimes known as ‘competing victim syndrome’, a term used by Cox (1995) to describe the ways in which, in education, boys interest groups tried to define a position of victims of feminism (Mills 2001). There are several factors which can exacerbate backlash.     If an organisation lacks effective communication both about the phenomenon of backlash and measures that can be taken to combat it, men are likely to be suspicious of any changes. If a clear case is made for proactive measures for women, backlash is less likely (Gandossy et al 2006).   If men are excluded from equality planning, or if they are not seen as part of the solution to inequalities, then this can also make backlash feel worse.   Organisations can take practical steps to including men in such planning, for example identifying a core group of men who are committed to women’s rights and ensuring support from senior management (Ruxton 2004).  Ã‚   Certain organisational structures can also make backlash more intense. For example, where a culture of blame is fostered, with men seen as the causes of women’s disadvantage, men are more likely to react negatively against any perception that womenâ⠂¬â„¢s situation in the workplace is improving.   Equally, if the organisational culture has prioritised men and masculinity, perhaps unconsciously, men may react more strongly against women’s improving situation (Angus 1993). It is also possible that backlash is stronger in organisations where a higher number of minority employees have been taken onto the workforce. As we have seen, the concept of backlash is not as simple as it has sometimes been portrayed in the media (for example, a recent daily mail article appeared to blame feminism for crises in the National Health Service (Phillips 2011)), but rather, as Robinson suggested, it may rather be a complicated struggle over normativity. That is, it concerns a wider debate about the concept of the ‘norm’ and what is considered the ‘normal’ in society today.  Ã‚   The notion of the norm can be seen as rooted in concepts of the natural, and what is inherent or given in human nature, rather than a social, political or cultural construct.   By recognising that the ‘norm’ is, in fact, a construct, we open ourselves to the possibility that the given can be changed.   Feminism in general can be seen as a struggle against the notion that femininity and masculinity as they are experienced in today’s society are fixed. This notion that the female (or mal e) is a given is supported by much of contemporary science (Cameron 1995).  Ã‚   Robinson suggests, in this context, that seeing men as victims of feminism is not as straightforward as a reversal of positive discrimination, but is part of a larger debate about the ways in which normality is defined, and hence as part of a debate about normativity (Robinson 2000).   As Robinson (2000) points out, the notion of masculinity, and the understanding of what it means to be male, is open to debate, can be challenged, and may change.   He also emphasises that the debate over normativity is one about power; who holds power in society, and whether they rightfully do so. Seen in this context, the move by which men have presented themselves as victims is not simply one which happened by chance. Instead, men have been able to take on board the power that is currently vested in the ‘victim’: portraying themselves as oppressed (Bekerman and Zembylas 2011).   Backlash, under these terms, becomes a complex struggle for control over scarce resources and power over the symbolic languages in which notions of masculinity and femininity are normalised.   Men use backlash as a means of making themselves visible as men   and as victims, to accrue the benefits which come with being seen as the disadvantaged partner (Robinson 2000).   Consequently, by claiming the status of victims, men are able to maintain their position as those in power and control, with the added respect and material gains that goes along with this. Privileges are masked by the guise of victimhood which men have decided to wear.  Ã‚   It should be noted, however, this iss ue is made more complex by debates about the notion of power. Some suggest that power relationships are a myth, while there is an illusion that power is vested in the hands of a minority, in fact all groups in society are oppressed: â€Å"power is actually a form of a myth which subjugates all people† (Bad Subjects 1998, p. 55). 3. Backlash and the Contemporary Positions of Men and Women in Organisations The above suggests that backlash is a complex concept which underpins recent developments in contemporary awareness of feminism and women’s rights. But what repercussions does this have for understanding the positions of both men and women within organisations? There are signs that backlash is thriving in business and business organisations. Writing of the USA in the early years of the 21st Century, Bilimora and Piderit suggest that women were increasingly ‘opting out’ of the business world, for example moving on to start their own businesses, partly as a result of a backlash against the notion that women can ‘have it all’ and successfully juggle home and work (Bilimora and Piderit 2007).   This move to self-employment and starting one’s own business as a way of stepping outside the hostility of the male-dominated business environment has been reported elsewhere, for example The United States Small Business Association reported a 58% growth i n women running businesses (SBA 1993), while Carey and Bryant (1995) suggested that women-run businesses were expanding into previously male-dominated areas (Carey and Bryant 1995).   It has also been reported that women can experience hostility as result of special initiatives designed to promote equality, can become over insular as they bond together in women-only networks, thus ruling out the possibility of a further assault on male power structures, and open to charges of elitism (McCarthy 2004). However, some organisations have found that promoting equality measures in the right way can avoid backlash. Wittenberg-Cox and Maitland (2009) describe the case study of Nestle, who sought to prioritise gender equality within the workplace. They rejected the diversity approach popular in the USA in favour of promoting gender balance. Their approach was to involve men, and particularly male leaders, from the outset, with gender awareness workshops for leaders and executives. They found that this approach saw men committed to and leading organisational change, and the company thus â€Å"avoided the backlash that is common in companies that launch â€Å"women’s† initiatives† (Wittenberg-Cox and Maitland 2009). 4. Conclusion To summarise, men have historically occupied an invisible, gendered space within the work environment. Their privileges compared to women, and their power compared with women, have gone unnoticed through this invisibility.  Ã‚   Through feminism, there has gradually arisen an awareness of these hidden inequalities, and the ways in which men have been prioritised as the ‘neutral’, over-riding voice in the workplace. This awareness has led to some redistribution of power, as women take on greater responsibility, more powerful roles, and obtain better pay. However, the consequences of this have been that men have, in some instances, started to see themselves as victims of women’s growth in the workplace through the phenomenon of backlash. Although seemingly a simple concept, backlash is complex and tricky to measure, and has a number of consequences for both men and women.   Ã‚  The notion of normativity helps us understand the ways in which victimhood has been a ppropriated by some men to reclaim the power they feel they have lost.  Ã‚   Ideas around backlash and normativity have had a number of repercussions for the workplace and organisational politics, some detrimental to women’s position, although there are suggestions that the right approach to equality can overcome these issues.    References AMOI (1988) ‘American Male Opinion Index’, Conde Nast, New York Angus, L B (1993) Education, inequality, and social identity, Routledge, USA/ UK Astrachan, A (1986) How Men Feel: Their responses to Women’s Demands for Equality and Power,   Anchor, New York. Bad Subjects Production Team (1998) Bad subjects: political education for everyday life, NYU Press, USA. Bekerman, Z and Zembylas, M (2011) Teaching Contested Narratives: Identity, Memory and Reconciliation in Peace Education and BeyondAuthorsZvi Bekerman, Michalinos ZembylasPublisherCambridge University Press, 2011 Bilimora, D and Piderit, S K (2007) Handbook on women in business and management,   Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007 Cheltenham Glos. Blanpain, R, Dickens, L and Kaj, S (2008) Challenges of European employment relations: employment regulation, trade union organization, equality, flexicurity, training and new approaches to pay, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands. Boyd, S B (2007) Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change, UBC Press, USA Burke, R J and Black, S (1997), ‘Save the Males: Backlash in Organisations’, Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 933-942. Cameron, D (1995) Verbal hygiene: The politics of language, Routledge, UK Carey, A, and Bryant, B (1995)   Women-owned business growth, USA Today, USA Faludi, S (1991) Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women, Random House, London Gandossy, R P, Tucker, E and Verma, N (2006) Workforce wake-up call: your workforce is changing, are you?, John Wiley and Sons, USA Goode, W J (1982) ‘Why Men Resist’, in B Thorn and M Yalom (eds.) Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, Longman Inc. New York Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998) ‘Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. Haslett, B, Geis, FL and Carter, M R (1992) The Organizational Woman: Power and Paradox, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA Kabeer, N, Stark, A and Magnus E (2008) Global perspectives on gender equality: reversing the gaze, Routledge, New York /   Oxford Kimmel, M (2004) Men and masculinities, ABC-CLIO, USA Melzer, P (2006) Alien constructions: science fiction and feminist thought, University of Texas Press, USA Mills, M (2001) Challenging violence in schools: an issue of masculinities, Open University Press, UK Mutua, A D (2006) Progressive Black masculinities, CRC Press, USA Nelson, S M (2006) Handbook of gender in archaeology, Rowman Altamira, Lanham Phillips, M (2011) ‘The real reason our hospitals are a disgrace’, Daily Mail, 17th October 2011, London. Robinson, S. 2000 ‘Introduction: Visibility, Crisis and the Wounded White Male Body’, in Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis, Columbia University Press, New York Rudman, L A and Glick, P (2001) ‘Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Towards Agentic Women’,   Journal of Social Issues, 57:4, 743-762 Ruxton, S (2004) Gender equality and men: learning from practice, Oxfam, UK United States Small Business Administration (1993) Women Business Owners, SBA, Washington DC Walby, S (1997) Gender transformations, Routledge, UK. Whitehead, S M (2001) The masculinities reader, Wiley-Blackwell, Cambridge. Whitehead, S M and Moodley, R (1999) Transforming managers: gendering change in the public sector, Routledge, London. Wittenberg-Cox, A and   Maitland, A (2009)   Why Women Mean Business, John Wiley Sons, USA

International Project-Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Project-Brazil - Essay Example There has been large variations and inequalities in income in the recent past owing to inflation, but have overcome these economic complexities. It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with GDP growth of 5%. The Brazil economy ranks the eighth largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and ninth largest in terms of purchasing power. The service industry is the largest contributor of GDP at 66% which is followed by the industry and agriculture sectors. Brazil has the 2nd biggest industrial sector in the Americas having diverse industries such as automobiles, steel, consumer products, computers to aircrafts. The Brazilian government has also introduced many programs to accelerate the growth and development of the economy. (Economy of Brazil, n.d) Brazil has developed drastically in the recent past in agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service related sectors. It is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The growth cycle in Brazil has been con sistent and ongoing since 1970. Given below the per GDP average from 1981-2008. The legal system in Brazil is based on codes and legislation which are controlled at the federal, municipal and state level which are based on Roman- Germanic traditions. Municipalities and federal districts have laws which do not contradict the federal constitution. The legal system is based on the civil law tradition and the country is ruled by the federal constitution. The highest court in Brazil is the supreme tribunal. There are a specialized court for military and labor and the usually the jurisdictions are handled and administered by judiciary entities. Brazil is a federal district and federal republic with 26 states. It is made of Executive, legislative and judicial branches and usually the president of the country can hold up the position for 4 consecutive years and can have his own cabinet ministers. The current