Acid Rain Part I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acid Rain Part I - Essay Example According to the Federal Monitoring Data report, Pennsylvania, since 1987, has been ranked as the first state that experiences an excess of the acidic rainfall. However, the level of acidity varies from place to place that are located in Pennsylvania. The highest acidic content in rainwater is found in Leading Ridge located in Huntingdon County. The average rainfall pH is 4.08. This particular pH value is considered to be 33 times more in concentration of acidity than the normal rain water that is unpolluted. Any value that is below the pH value of 7 is considered to be acidic. The lower the value the more the acidity of the rainwater. The normal rain water is considered to have an average pH value of 5.6 (Park, 2013). Lewistown Pennsylvania is therefore affected by the coal-fired power plants, large number of automobiles and factories that emit pollutants to the atmosphere. The resultant effect of these pollutants in the atmosphere therefore form acidic rain, fogs, snow and other particulate matter (Park,

Debut Albums and Dear Friends Essay Example for Free

Debut Albums and Dear Friends Essay Honorable Chief Guest of the day, distinguished guests for the occasion, teachers, parents and all my dear friends, this day 15th August of every year is a golden day engraved in the history of the world. We got freedom on this date and it is a day worth a celebration. When we celebrate it hoisting the flag, playing our National Anthem with enthusiasm, distributing sweets, we need to sail back into the past to remember and pay homage to the builders of our nation. My dear friends, we were the privileged lot to have been born in free India. We were able to breathe the fresh free air since our birth. If at all we want to know the pangs of agony of being slaves under a foreign rule, we must ask our elders born before 1947. It was indeed a Himalayan task for every Indian those days to fight against those powerful giants – the British rulers. We must not allow those hard times and struggles fade away from our memories. Hence it is befitting for us to celebrate such National festivals and recall those heroic deeds of our National heroes. We remember them today. Right from Mahatma Gandhi to the local patriotic leaders we owe our gratitude. When we regard those martyrs who laid their precious lives for our sake, we must not ignore the common people who sacrificed their lot for the good cause. There were farmers, land lords, businessmen, teachers, writers, poets and students who helped the land achieve the long cherished freedom.

Why The American Civil War Is Important Essays -- The American Civil W

The American civil war took place 150 years ago. The war ripped apart the young country and turned brother against brother. The American civil war ended the most grotesque American institution in its history and caused the nation to struggle for the next decade to recover from the devastation. The war caused a wealthy class to lose their stranglehold over the southern economy and ended politics being swayed by whether you were pro or anti slavery. The war caused the death of over 620,000 men, around 2% of the population. The American civil war is worth remembering today. It is worth remembering because it shapes the identity of who Americans are today. Without it, we cannot understand why a nation could be split over the death of a young delinquent named Trayvon Martin. Without it we cannot understand how Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to gain his dream. Without it we cannot understand why women fought for suffrage rights in the 1920s. What was the American civil war about? States rights? Slavery? Both? Perhaps this does not matter, perhaps all that matters is the end results, the prohibition of slavery and the emergence of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The nation emerged with a new identity of freedom, not just whites, but people of all color. But the war did not end discrimination or racism, it saw different forms of it take place; forms that still effect us today. The Civil War is worth remembering because the Civil War still shapes America’s identity to this day. First let us examine the cultural implications the Civil War had on us today. Today in America we are we are shaped as a culture by diversity, and dreams. By diversity I mean we are a culture that though, dominantly white, is full of many ethnicities of pe... ...vil War.† In The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin, 136-156. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Snay, Mitchell, Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson. "Religion and the American Civil War." The American Historical Review 105.1 (2000): 217. Print. McPHERSON, James M. "Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction." (n.d.): n. pag. Rpt. in Major Problems in American History Series. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 10. Print. Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2001. Print. Douglass, Frederick, and Frederick Douglass. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Other Works. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. "The Pledge of Allegiance." The Pledge of Allegiance. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. Why The American Civil War Is Important Essays -- The American Civil W The American civil war took place 150 years ago. The war ripped apart the young country and turned brother against brother. The American civil war ended the most grotesque American institution in its history and caused the nation to struggle for the next decade to recover from the devastation. The war caused a wealthy class to lose their stranglehold over the southern economy and ended politics being swayed by whether you were pro or anti slavery. The war caused the death of over 620,000 men, around 2% of the population. The American civil war is worth remembering today. It is worth remembering because it shapes the identity of who Americans are today. Without it, we cannot understand why a nation could be split over the death of a young delinquent named Trayvon Martin. Without it we cannot understand how Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to gain his dream. Without it we cannot understand why women fought for suffrage rights in the 1920s. What was the American civil war about? States rights? Slavery? Both? Perhaps this does not matter, perhaps all that matters is the end results, the prohibition of slavery and the emergence of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The nation emerged with a new identity of freedom, not just whites, but people of all color. But the war did not end discrimination or racism, it saw different forms of it take place; forms that still effect us today. The Civil War is worth remembering because the Civil War still shapes America’s identity to this day. First let us examine the cultural implications the Civil War had on us today. Today in America we are we are shaped as a culture by diversity, and dreams. By diversity I mean we are a culture that though, dominantly white, is full of many ethnicities of pe... ...vil War.† In The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin, 136-156. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Snay, Mitchell, Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson. "Religion and the American Civil War." The American Historical Review 105.1 (2000): 217. Print. McPHERSON, James M. "Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction." (n.d.): n. pag. Rpt. in Major Problems in American History Series. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 10. Print. Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2001. Print. Douglass, Frederick, and Frederick Douglass. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Other Works. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. "The Pledge of Allegiance." The Pledge of Allegiance. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.

Essentials of Business Management Essays -- GCSE Business Marketing Co

Essentials of Business Management When Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in 1962, it was the beginning of an American success story that no one could have predicted. A small-town merchant who had operated variety stores in Arkansas and Missouri, Walton was convinced that consumers would flock to a discount store with a wide array of merchandise and friendly service. Hence, Wal-Mart's mission is to deliver big-city discounting to small-town America. Sam's Roots From humble, hard-working roots, Sam Walton built Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. into the largest, fastest-growing, and most profitable retailer in the world. A child of the Depression, Sam always worked hard. He would milk the cows, and by the age of eight, he started selling magazine subscriptions. When he turned 12, Sam took on a paper route that he continued well into his college days to support himself. Walton began his retail career at J.C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa in 1940 making just $75 per month. In 1945, Sam borrowed $5,000 from his wife and $20,000 from his wife's family to open a Ben Franklin five and dime franchise in Newport, Arkansas. In 1950, he relocated to Bentonville, Arkansas and opened a Walton 5 . Over the next 12 years they built up and grew to 15 Ben Franklin Stores under the name of Walton 5 . Sam had plenty of new ideas. He liked to deal with the suppliers directly so he could pass the savings on to the customers. He later brought a new idea to Ben Franklin management that they should open discount stores in small towns. They rejected his idea. The First of 3054 Sam and his brother James (Bud) opened their first Wal-Mart Discount City store in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962. Walton and his wife Helen had to put up everything they had, including their house and property to finance the first 18,000 square-foot store. With gradual growth over the next eight years, they went public in 1970 with only 18 stores and sales of $44 million. While other large chains lagged behind, Wal-Mart soon grew rapidly in the 1970's, due to their highly automated distribution centers and computerization. By 1980, they were up to 276 stores with revenues of over $1.2 billion. Sam Walton's guiding philosophy for his stores from the beginning was to offer consumers a wide selection of goods at a discounted price. The company saved money by keeping advertising costs low... ...equests for no publicity. The Ten Commandments of Leadership by Sam Walton 1. Commit to your goals. 2. Share your rewards. 3. Energize your colleagues. 4. Communicate all you know. 5. Value your associates' contributions. 6. Celebrate your success. 7. Listen to everyone. 8. Deliver more than you promise. 9. Work smarter than others do. 10. Blaze your own path. Bibliography 1. Jon Heuy. Sam Walton: Made in America: My Story (New York: Doubleday, 1992) 2. Kenneth E. Stone, Competing With the Retail Giants, (Toronto: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1995) 3. Vince, H. Trimble, Sam Walton: The Story Inside America's Richest Man (New York: Dutton, 1990) 4. www.SmartLeadership.com 5. Inc Magazine, Spies Like Us, Stemberg, Tom, with Gruner, Stephanie. August, 1998, p45-48 6. Inc Magazine, The Mentors, Welles, Edward O. June, 1998, p48-50 7. www.walmart.com 1996, 1997, 1998 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 8. Stone, Kenneth E. Competing With the Retail Giants. (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995) 9. Taylor, D., Archer ,J.S. Up Against the Wal-Marts. (New York: AMACOM, 1994) 10. Microsoft Encarta 98. Samuel Walton

Marketing plan for Commonwealth Bank Essay

Commonwealth Bank is the largest of Australia’s big four financial service providers. At present, the Bank offers a range of award credit cards to, both, retail and corporate sectors. Profitable growth in retail and corporate card segments is a key part of the bank’s strategic direction. The main differential between cards is centred around fee structures, with little difference between them that is obvious to most consumers. The award scheme points can be redeemed for air miles, gifts and vouchers. Under this initiative, the Bank plans to set itself apart from the rest by launching a new credit card, which will allow clients to assign their award points toward a not for profit organisation. This initiative also creates a whole new paradigm within which cards are compared by prospective consumers, and puts the Bank at the very fore front of the credit card market. This card is unique, and is not currently available from other financial service providers in Australia. Research indicates there is a high demand for a socially responsible and ethical approach to banking. As such, the new card appeals to the growing philanthropic market in the retail sector. For the corporate sector, it reflects positively on their contribution in the community. CBA will utilise its current market penetration, strong brand image, management experience and distribution channels to ensure the card compliments their existing product suite. Profitable growth, retention of clients and an increased share penetration index have been forecasted as a direct result of bringing the new card to market. CBA has strong brand recognition. It is voted number 59 in the 2010 Forbes â€Å"world leading companies† Top 500 Brands survey (Forbes Magazine, 2010). The bank views its brand as its most valuable asset. Despite CBA having a strong brand image, banks in Australia remain unpopular. Consumers perceive the big four of price gouging; particularly so, as the banks delay or fail to pass cuts in the interest rate. Credit card retention and acquisition, in both corporate and retail sectors, is a key part of the bank’s profitable growth strategy. CBA plans to expand the credit card awards portfolio with a new product. The new card enables retail and corporate clients to automatically transfer award points to cash donations for non -government organizations (NGOs) and charities. This card is to be branded CBA’s â€Å"Community Card†. This positions CBA as a market leader and the first financial institution to introduce such a product into the credit card segment. CBA stands to gain significant competitive advantage. The new credit card stands to assist CBA’s corporate clients with their social responsibility obligations. A Harvard Business Review 2006 article notes â€Å"government, activists and the media have become adept at holding companies to account for their activities. Myriad organizations rank companies on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, despite sometimes questionable methodologies, these rankings attract considerable publicity. As a result, CSR had emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country† (Kramer, 2006) For the personal card holder, it is a vehicle to give back to the community. A survey conducted by Givewell noted that philanthropy is on the rise and estimated that, in 2009 Australians contributed over $1.8 billion total donations (Givewell, 2010). The Australian Taxation office notes that philanthropy is at its highest ever recorded. In the 2010 tax year, there were 4,649,646 recoded deductions for gifts and donations in individual tax returns. In 2009 there were 4,400,786 recorded dedications, a growth of 2.064 per cent in a 12 month period (Australian Taxation Office, 2012) 1.2 Background data on credit card market In the wake of the global financial crisis, many overseas banks have increased their credit scorecards and are reluctant to take on additional unsecured debt. The Australian credit card market is in good shape when compared with these overseas markets. This is due to prudent lending practices and the government’s credit card regulation reforms. Craig James, Chief Economist for CommSec, notes that we have a responsible population when it comes to credit card debt behaviour. â€Å"Aussie consumers pat yourselves on the back – you’ve mastered the plastic fantastic. People are using their credit and debit cards as much as they ever did, but smartly. Aussies are using their credit cards, but paying off the debt by the due date† (James, 2012) 1.3 Competition Strength in market makes the credit card sector a popular strategic choice for growth in the finance sector. Banks are able to charge annual fees and interest rates that generate a high level of profit. CBA’s main cards competitors are ANZ, Westpac and National Australia bank in the retail market and Amex, ANZ and Westpac in the corporate card sector. (Reserve Bank Australia, 2012) Strong competition for business has led to a spike in enhanced loyalty programmes and rewards for new and existing customers. Presently, there are no corporate or personal awards credit cards in the market that allow customers to cash their points as donations, with two main types of award programmes available. The first is the ability to accrue and redeem frequent flyer points for travel. The other allows clients to earn points to redeem gifts such as home appliances, supermarket and, department store gift cards and petrol vouchers. Predominantly, corporate clients opt out of enrolment in awards schemes, due to fringe benefit tax implications for employees. The issue of who owns the points, employer or employee, is one that is yet to be solved. Both external and internal market research has seen a decline in retail clients selecting cards with awards. The majority of customer feedback collected at point of credit card application has confirmed that there is a lack of perceived value in these programmes. 1.4 Distribution CBA personal credit cards are currently sold through the branch network, online and over the phone. A customer is able to apply for, or upgrade a card, 24 hours a day. CBA utilises the same distribution channels for its corporate clients, with the addition of a dedicated relationship manager. 2.0 SWOT analysis The following SWOT analysis helps to understand key strengths and weaknesses of the new credit card. It also describes opportunities and threats of the product, in both, the retail and corporate segments. Strengths Weaknesses * Reputation * Industry experience * Existing market share * First mover advantages * Distribution channels| * Costs of bringing new product to market * First mover risks and disadvantages * Little known about not for profit / community groups (not core business)| * Increased market share * Product embraced by customers / Improved customer satisfaction * Improved brand equity and brand loyalty * Increased profits and shareholder value * Enter new market segments * Convert switchers to CBA| * Changing customer tastes and demographics * Government policies * Product easily replicated by competitors * Threat of substitutes through non-bank lenders (store cards)| Opportunities Threats From the SWOT analysis, the most important issues to consider are: how CBA will adapt the product and remain competitive against substitutes, and other banks copying the product. CBA must monitor the market closely to avoid a price war between competitors. The key opportunities will be capturing new clients in a new market and the competitive learning gleaned from being the first to launch the product. 3.0 Financial objectives Using the 2012 Annual Report as a baseline, CBA has set targets for sales volume, market share and profit for the 2012/2013 financial year. (Commonwealth Bank Australia, 2012) There is strategic congruence of sales targets, marketing strategy and the overarching organizational strategic direction of profitable growth. 3.1 Sales volume * Achieve a minimum 4% growth in new card sales, initiated by branch staff in the retail market before 2012 / 2013 end of financial year. * Achieve a minimum of 3% growth in new card sales from remaining retail distribution channels (phone and online) before 2012 / 2013 end of financial year. * Increase corporate card sales by 5% in 2012 / 2013 financial year. * Migrate 20% of existing non awards corporate customers to the new product by December 2014. * Increase transaction volume of credit card book by 15% this financial year. 3.2 Market Share * Increase retail market share from 32% to 37% in the 2012 / 2013 financial year. * Increase corporate market share from 12% to 17% in the 2012 / 2013 financial year. * Decrease customer attrition rate by 15% across both sectors by the end of the 2012/2013 financial year. 3.3 Profit * Additional $364 million in lending fees collected in late payment and annual fees across from the retail sector. * Additional $453 million in lending fees collected from corporate clients in late payment fees, annual fees and customer maintenance fees. * Increase credit card interest earnings assets from 12.71% yield to 20.00% yield, both sectors combined. 3.4 Break Even Analysis The break even analysis indicates that 500 new cards must be sold across each segment every month to break even. As staffs become more experienced in selling the product and the consumer more familiar, the costs should decrease in line with the experience (Kotler, 2008) curve. Less money will be spent on training employees and advertising. Fewer products will need to be sold in order to break even. 4.0 Marketing segmentation and positioning Both the corporate and retail markets have been divided into segments. Niche marketing was considered due to the specificity of the Community Card however, CBA is prepared to take an educated risk by marketing to a wider group as, internal research indicates, it has a large credit card customer base with homogeneous preferences. â€Å"Aggregate enough minority tastes and you will often find a new market† (Anderson, 2006) 4.1 Corporate market segments * Heavy users and non- users of CBA’s current corporate card offering. * Organizations with a minimum of 50 employees and an annual turnover of a $500k minimum. * Primarily but not limited to white collar industries such as: advertising, human resource management, department stores, large scale hospitality clients (hotels) and travel agents * Organizations with highly centralised purchase decisions. * Companies seeking an edge on their competitors through improvement and / or diversification into social responsibility. * Not for profit organizations 4.2 Retail market segments * 35 – 49 and 50 – 64 year olds with a 54% clustering around the 50 – 64 age bracket. * Annual income in excess of $75k per annum. * Professionals, managers, executives and business people who are accomplished in their fields * People with a tertiary qualification. * Upper middle and upper class. * Native Australians (individually focused as opposed to collectively focused). * Culture orientated and socially aware. 4.3 Target markets People and businesses who want the freedom and flexibility a credit card provides, and have an emotional connection to making the world a better place, or a desire to improve their sustainability image. Corporate: * Corporate social responsibility * Flexible payment options * Ethical * Sustainable image * Community Retail: * Freedom * Flexibility * Social responsibility * Sustainability / give back * Ethical 4.4 Positioning CBA will position itself as Australia’s socially responsible financial services provider with a passion for community. A bank that understands the bigger picture. By being first to market with the new product, CBA signals that it is different from the other banks. It is a bank that is dedicated to offering both retail and business customers an alternative, an avenue to give back to their elected cause, NGO or community group. This position will be enhanced through training its 38,000 employees to act as ambassadors on the features and benefits of the Community Card. 5.0 Marketing strategy and the marketing mix 5.1 Marketing Strategy The first step in the marketing strategy is to make new and existing customers aware of the new product and how it will benefit the community. CBA’s message is that it is the ethical financial services provider, selling Australian’s the chance to give back to the community. The Bank plans to lead by example, offering the new product to its employees at a discounted rate. This will also allow for market testing and feedback. The Bank will communicate this message to its retail clients through local area marketing, television, radio and advertisements in selected newspapers that appeal to the target customer. The message for the corporate client is the same however; relationship managers will target potential clients through business development activities. 5.2 Product The product is to be sub-branded and operate on the MasterCard network. MasterCard is selected as it is accepted in 30 million locations worldwide, appealing to the target market’s desire for flexibility. With the acceptation of the awards programme, the new card has similar features and benefits to the existing suite of awards cards. According to the Innovation Bell Curve (Rogers, 1962), the familiarity of known features and benefits will assist in early adoption. The product will be popular with innovators. It is the first of its kind. 5.3 Pricing The pricing objective for the retail segment is maximum profits. The corporate pricing objective is maximum market share, as previously mentioned CBA only holds 12 percent of the market. Mark up pricing will be used in both the retail and corporate markets. The new product is exclusive as it is the first of its kind, distinctive and there are no readily available substitutes. These factors make both markets less price sensitive. The Bank has selected a high value strategy for the retail market. The annual fee for the card will be $65.00. This fee represents the midpoint in the total cards market. The debit interest rate on the card will be set at 21.59 percent per annum, slightly higher than the total cards market average. Retail customers will view this price as good for them and good for the community. CBA will also use a high value strategy for its corporate clients. The fee structure will differ slightly from retail as it includes a $130.00 annual fee and a $15.00 additional card fee per employee. The debit rate of interest remains the same as the retail card. This will prevent corporate clients from using their personal credit cards to save money on purchases. 5.4 Place CBA’s current distribution channels have significant competitive advantage in the banking marketplace. The bank has more branches; ATM’s and calls centers than any other bank. The website www.commbank.com was recently voted the most visited website in Australia in a report published by Neilson Consulting (AC Neilson, 2012). Given the age demographics of the target market, CBA will leverage off its staff in branches and relationship managers by using a direct to customer distribution model. This provides the opportunity for potential and existing customers to ask questions and clarify any areas of interest. CBA feels this is important to the target market. The Bank’s website is to be updated with a quick fact sheet on the new card, an award points calculator, information detailing the work of the eligible NGO’s and charities, and frequently asked questions. Call center staff are to receive specific training. Upon approval, clients are expected to receive their card within five working days. 5.5 Promotion CBA will reach both target audiences through online advertising on the CommBank website, radio advertisements, and television and newspaper advertisements. Some mass marketing will be used to target corporate customers through direct mail outs. The end of financial year is an important time for promotion in both market segments. In retail, 30 June is when people do their tax returns and claim back deductions for gifts and donations. For corporate clients, the new financial year represents a clean slate and the opportunity to pursue different ideas for the business. When promoting the new Community Credit Card, the Bank will position itself as being unique, ethical, flexible and fair. 6.0 References AC Neilson. (2012, January 15). Most Visited Websites. Sydney, NSW, Australia. Anderson, C. (2006). The Long Tail. New York: Hyperion. Australian Taxation Office. (2012). 2012 Taxation Statistics. Australian Taxation Office. Forbes Magazine. (2010). World Leading Compaines. Austrade. Givewell. (2010). Givewell Statistics. Retrieved october 06, 2012, from Givewell: http://www.givewell.com.au/statistics.asp James, C. (2012). CommSec Economic Insights. Commsec. Kotler, P. (2008). Marketing Management An Asian Perspective. Jurong: Prentice Hall. Kramer, M. P. (2006). Strategy and Society. Harvard Business Review. Reserve Bank Australia. (2012). Bulletin. Reserve Bank. Rogers, E. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. United Kingdom : Simon & Schuster International .

Reaction paper “Shutter Island” Essay Essays

Reaction paper â€Å"Shutter Island† Essay Essays Reaction paper â€Å"Shutter Island† Essay Paper Reaction paper â€Å"Shutter Island† Essay Paper â€Å"Shutter Island† is a film that is non merely dedicated to presenting unflawed scenery and a plot line about a mental establishment locked off with a deep. dark secret off from civilisation. but alternatively. the bulk of the movie is really a character survey with Teddy Daniels as the chief topic. Teddy Daniels has a troubled yesteryear that is reflected in flash dorsums and dream sequences. Teddy Daniels is now a U. S Marshall. but anterior to that. he was a veteran of war. where he saw some of the most viciously hideous and mind-scarring scenes conceivable. the sort of things that could poison a man’s head and leave him haunted by them for life. Teddy is besides a â€Å"retired alcoholic† as one of the doctor’s at Ashecliffe Hospital reveals saying that it is obviously obvious that he used to imbibe. The topic of alcohol addiction is subsequently elaborated on in a flashback scene where his late married woman asks him why he drinks. It appears that Teddy is non merely haunted by the labors of war or his alcohol addiction. but besides by the fact that a adult male who set fire to his place killed his married woman and kids. In short. Teddy’s life has been fuelled by mentally marking events. that someway lead him to Ashecliffe Hospital. in what he believes to be â€Å"fate† when he learns that the adult male who killed his household is really a patient at the infirmary ; Andrew Laediss. Before long. Teddy shortly learns of the corruptness on the island. Curious experiments are being carried out. These are subsequently revealed to be leukotomies. which are used in order to settle the reprehensively insane for good. When Teddy uncovers the â€Å"truth† . he tries to go forth the island to no help. This is when the turn starts to go apparent. Teddy Daniels is non a U. S marshal at all. he is really a patient at Ashecliffe Hospital. and he has been for several old ages. Mentally scarred by the issues in his life. which are revealed non merely to be the labors of war. but besides the fact that his married woman besides went insane and drowned their kids. it was Daniels. really revealed to be called Andrew Laediss. who killed his married woman out of retaliation. Throughout the movie. Teddy suffers concerns. These concerns are really from his backdowns from his medicine which he suffers when he creates his alternate personality and gives everyone â€Å"roles to play. † something that is besides referenced earlier on in the movie. Teddy Daniels is reprehensively insan e and he is for good haunted by his yesteryear. He creates personalities for everyone at the infirmary and he goes about his life pretense he is person else as a method of â€Å"escapism† from world. His narrative is unbelievable and the truth is really hinted at throughout the movie which will go forth viewing audiences merely necessitating to watch the movie a 2nd clip because the intimations are impossible to disregard one time the turn is revealed. Gratuitous to state. Leonardo DiCaprio plays the character to flawlessness and Teddy Daniels. still to this twenty-four hours. is undeniably one of the most in-depth. detailed and most developed movie characters of the 2010 decennary therefore far. Leonardo DiCaprio as Edward â€Å"Teddy† DanielsMark Ruffalo as Chuck AuleBen Kingsley as Dr. John CawleyMax von Sydow as Dr. Jeremiah NaehringMichelle Williams as Dolores ChanalEmily Mortimer as Rachel SolandoPatricia Clarkson as Dr. Rachel SolandoJackie Earle Haley as George NoyceTed Levine as WardenJohn Carroll Lynch as Deputy Warden McPhersonElias Koteas as Andrew LaeddisJill Larson as Old Manacled WomanKen Cheeseman as Doctor 1Ruby Jerins as Little GirlRobin Bartlett as Bridget KearnsChristopher Denham as Peter BreeneMatthew Cowles as Ferry Boat Captain The stoping of shutter Island seems equivocal but to me it was reasonably distinct. Teddy wakes up to the world that he is really Andrew Laedis. though he is warned by Dr. Cawley and Dr. Sheehan that he has regresses into his fantasy universe before. However. Andrew is smart. When Dr. Sheehan sits with him on the stairss that following forenoon. Andrew knows that the physicians and Warden are detecting his behaviour. The thing is. his guilt and hurting are still so heavy that he knows he can non populate with them. Rather than unrecorded with the cognition of his hurting. he chooses to feign that he is still Teddy Daniels and allow them lobotomize him. so that he can eventually be free of his load. That’s what the line to Dr. Sheehan approximately â€Å"living as a monster. or deceasing as a good adult male. ’ means – Andrew would instead be mind-wiped as â€Å"Teddy Daniels† than unrecorded with the wickednesss of Andrew Laeddis. Although small informati on is available to analyse Teddy based on his childhood he can be examined on many other elements of Sigmund Freud’s theories about the unconscious. While he is populating in his fantasy life as an research worker on the island. his unconscious ideas frequently appear in his dreams. He sees his married woman come to him imploring him to give up on his pursuit for Andrew because he will non wish what he finds out and she doesn’t want him to acquire injury. He besides dreams of Rachel Solando coming to him with her children’s bloody organic structures. inquiring him to help her in disposing of them. As he holds the children’s bodies they come alive inquiring why he didn’t salvage them. This absolutely illustrates the psychoanalytic theory that dreams have two degrees of content. The manifest content is that Teddy thinks the dreams come from the fact that he is losing his married woman and merely can’t accept her decease and allow her travel and that the macabre feeling of the island is acquiring to him doing him to hold incubuss of the insane adult female he is look intoing. It is subsequently clear that the latent content of the dreams reveal the concealed significance of his ain experiences. In other words. there was no Rachel Solando. Teddy created her as a contemplation of himself because Dolores was a frenzied depressive who drowned their kids in a lake one twenty-four hours when he wasn’t place. When he returned and realized the tragic occurrences there was nil he could make. hence the incubuss of the kids asking as to why he couldn’t salvage them. In his dreams she frequently walks to him soaking moisture to which he asks her â€Å"Why are you all wet. babe? † . This phrase seems to stalk him because those are the first wor ds he said to her when he came place that twenty-four hours she went brainsick. Teddy feels personally responsible for their decease because at the clip he was an alcoholic and while he loved his married woman. he refused to see her for who she truly was and ended up killing her after detecting the kids. In the dreams she tells him to give up because he is unable to get by with cognizing the truth. This leads on to how Teddy distorts his world to protect himself against his intolerable hurting and guilt through the usage of defence mechanisms. All of the memories of what truly happened to Dolores and the kids become pent-up and replaced with false semblances that his married woman was wrongfully murdered and he re-created himself as a hero in order to get by. In conformity with this mechanism he suffers from station traumatic emphasis from which the disturbing memories indirectly begin to uncover themselves in his dreams. Dr. Sheehan who in his head was his spouse reveals that for they had decided to seek an luxuriant role-playing experiment in which they went along with all of Teddy ( Andrew ) ’s psychotic beliefs in an effort to convey his head back to the existent universe and therefore salvage him from a encephalon leukotomy ( a signifier of psychosurgery ) which was forced to be their last resort. When the truth is foremost revealed Teddy’s initial reaction is to fall back to the defence mechanism of denial. He refuses to accept that what they claim is what truly happened and is repetitive upon the fact that they have been dosing him with drugs in order to brainwash him and maintain him from detecting the truth about the ghastly human experiments that have been taking topographic point at the infirmary. Projection is besides used when he accuses the Doctor’s of doing up this narrative about what happened to him in order to protect themselves. These are both efforts to free his head of the anxiousness arousing stimulations that he is unable to accept has any association with what happened in his life. Even before the truth is revealed while Teddy still believes that he is a hero we see this anxiousness reflecting through during his probe at Shutter Island. When the hospital’s chief psychologist makes a remark about Teddy forbearing from intoxicant and Teddy responds with a witty onslaught the physician notes his â€Å"excellent usage of defence mechanisms† . This may associate to his inexplicit memory because although Teddy at foremost does non hold any intuitions about the pragmatism of his ain individuality he seems to believe that everyone else is out to acquire him which serves as unconscious memories act uponing witting behaviour doing him to invariably be on defence about the purposes and actions of the people around him. When Teddy eventually comes out of his phase of denial and accepts the truth. the physicians fear that he will get worse and travel back into repression. It was noted that this had happened before with their other efforts to bring around him. Teddy fakes falling back into that phase in order to salvage himself his self-respect. he reveals his purposes by stating â€Å"which would be worse. to populate as a monster or to decease a good adult male? † . This lets us cognize that Dr. Sheehan’s remedy proved effectual. but Teddy would instead non populate in that province of wretchedness or seek to travel on with his life cognizing the flooring truth. Teddy Daniels besides known as Andrew Laeddis is an highly interesting character to analyze in footings of personality. Before his matrimony to Dolores he likely could hold been analyzed for wholly different properties ; nevertheless the events in his life served as strong situational factors to determine the individual he would turn into. Before it is realized that he is really one of the reprehensively insane captives. Teddy could be described as smart. witty and independent. He stands up for himself even when he suspects that the bulk of the island is involved with the confederacy. After recognizing the truth behind all of his actions it is clear that his life is relatable to many of Freud’s theories which are all used to help him in â€Å"distorting world to protect him against hurting or threatening urges originating from the id† . It is besides really interesting that in his surrogate world he views himself as a good. guiltless individual who is looking to put bad things right. This could come from his unconscious cognition that he committed a violent offense and wants to take all of the incrimination off himself by portraying himself as a hero. The warden of Ashecliffe Hospital makes an interesting point of mention to the dark side of Teddy’s personality and human nature in general by stating him â€Å"You’re every bit violent as they come. I know because I am every bit violent as they come. Don’t embarrass yourself by denying your ain blood lecherousness. boy. Don’t embarrass me. If the restraints of society were removed. and I was all that stood between you and a repast. you’d check my skull with a stone and eat my meaty parts† . Teddy killed his married woman because he felt that after what she had done. it was the right thing to make and his surrogate personality serves as a cover-up because he â€Å"should† experience guilty that the type of force isn’t acceptable. no affair what Dolores had done to merit it.

The Three Actors Upon Governance †State, Market and Civil society †Government Essay

The Three Actors Upon Governance – State, Market and Civil society – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers The Three Actors Upon Governance State, Market and Civil society Government Essay This essay attempts to offer an explanation and overview of the terms governance, institutions and â€Å"good governance†. Throughout the history the term governance has been associated exclusively to the role of the state ignoring other social factors. Most recent theories offer a very different view of this term, but most stress the relationships between the three actors of governance -state, market and civil society- as necessary requisite to the act of governance. In my understanding governance is the way these actors organise themselves and make decisions according to a set of formal and informal rules that together form institutions. To achieve the perfect governance suggested by the UN is considered an utopia as conflict of interests and failures in the three actor networks arise as regular features of governance making therefore impossible the permanent respect of the Human Rights. Governance and Institutions. 2. 1. Governance. Governance is the process of decision-making which conducts public life in a society and guarantees respect of citizens’ Human Rights, equality in resource distribution and safety. Governance is in charge of the application of the rules of the game which will determine the absence or not of political legitimacy in a country and the population’s quality of life. All actors other than government, the army and the members of the market are put together as part of civil society. In some countries the criminal society has such influence in the decision-making process that may be considered as another actor of governance. Governance is therefore the result of the interactions among state, market and the civil society and function according to a set of rules and norms. Earlier definitions of governance linked this term exclusively to the action of government. Today definitions are wider and cover non-state actors as mentioned before. Rhodes (1997) relates governance with concepts as â€Å"self-organising† and â€Å"interorganisational netwoks†. According to his point of view society is able to organise and govern itself independently of the state and through a process that can be defined as symbiotic as all the members of society need to each other to achieve their aims. The social interactions which result from this exchange process are regulated by a set of rules and how they are applied will determine the level of democracy in societies. This autonomy from the state is the result of concepts such as decentralisation and privatisation of the public services that have transformed present societies. In the words of Rhodes (1997) â€Å"no single actor, public or private, has the sufficient knowledge to dominate ultimately a governing model†. Governance is the result of a social-political-administrative sharing process where state, market and civil society have their own role. The state does not have any more a central role. 2.2. The role of Institutions. So far governance has been described as the way state, market and civil society interact according to a set of norms and rules known as institutions. These are in charge of providing the instruments which make possible such interaction. According to Gorringe (1997) institutions are created as a result of the necessity of improving the co-ordination among the different members of a society, preventing conflicts of interests and supporting cooperativism. A society without institutions or rules of the game would be an anarchist society where lack of organisation may lead to chaos. Two different degrees of formality can be identified within the rules: formal norms (those based on written constitutions, laws, formal contracts, etc.) and informal norms (based on moral rules, unwritten societal codes of conduct, etc). Informal norms have more importance in developing countries for social administration and poverty alleviation given that generally formal institutions are very limited and do not have the necessary structure to carry out its tasks properly (Jutting, 2003). One of the most significant problems that formal and informal rules have to cope with is to find the way to evolve at the same rate. Sometimes the application of formal norms are against the beliefs or established moral norms of a certain society. An example can be taken from China when during the 70’s the state, trying to control the population growth, decided to impose fines to those families that did not respect the limit established in the region on the number of children per family. Th is new norm was imposed in a society where having large families was a very old tradition and has very positive connotations. The scope of work of institutions is very wide and cover all the economic and social aspects of the individual as personal security, property rights, resource distribution, level of freedom, education, etc. The application of the rules of the game needs the pre-condition of the society acceptance of such norms and of the democratic process. However, in reality the people who design these rules and who finally apply them through the governance actions are normally a small part of the society in clear advantage respect the rest of the society members. Therefore they have the chance to shape society according to their own interests. Thus depending on their actions cases of tyranny or societies living in most absolute liberty can be found (Crukshank,1999). 3. Good governance. The concept of â€Å"good governance† has had a lot of different interpretations along the history. At the present moment the most common approaches are those based on the interactions among state, market and civil society. The differences arise when defining how these relationships should make â€Å"good governance† possible. An example of it is showed by Cruikshank (1999) through the different views of two North American authors from the 60’s (Huntington and Wolin) about the interactions between state and civil society and its influence on governance. Whereas the former thinks that the role of the state is in danger when the civil society intervention increases in the political scene – â€Å"too democracy and participation†- the latter, by contrast, sees the danger in limiting the participation of the citizens in the public-political life. Thought the two authors disagree about how governance should be, both of them stress â€Å"an overflow of politics out of the realm of the state and into the realm of the social† (Cruikshank,1999). It is widely thought that a necessary condition for â€Å"good governance† is that the interactions among government, market and civil society should occur under the framework of democracy and the respect of the Human Rights (civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights) as it is described by the United Nation in its Resolution 2000, 64 (UN High Commission for Human Rights). Democracy is not just understood as the citizens chance to participate in the electoral system but it also involves a pluralist political and social system, the integrity of the three governance actors, the legitimacy of the decision-making process and the opportunity for public scrutiny of the actions of those who holds the power (Archer, 2003). Under this framework â€Å"good governance† involves that all members of a society should therefore enjoy safety –against internal and external threats- and freedom to act and express themselves irrespective of their sex, ideology, race or religion. Also they should have equal access to a welfare system covering all their basic needs and providing them with a decent quality of life – not just at subsistence levels-. This â€Å"ideal† model of governance is according to the UN only possible if it takes place under the umbrella of transparency, equity participation of citizens in the decision making process, consensus among all parts involved seeking the best common interests, following of the rule of law, responsiveness to serve all the society members, accountability to the public and institutions and effectiveness and efficiency to meet the society’s needs and protecting the environment (UN ESCAP). In this utopian model of governance every actor has a task to undertake. Thus, the market should create the necessary conditions for fair trade and competitiviness, as well as to maintain the balance between private and public companies to make sure that everybody has the same chances to access to goods and services. According to Archer (2003) the state should be in charge of financial control, good and long-term planning (in economy, infrastructure people,), to provide an equal welfa re and education system and to offer a judicial system which upholds the law without bias. Finally civil society’s should promote co-operativism to eliminate powerful interest bias and to claim political and economic accountability to maintain social equality. But why has no country in the world achieved total â€Å"good governance† if they have the theory and knowledge to do so? The main answer is the existence of conflicts of interests in the decision-making process that make impossible to apply concepts as transparency or consensus and the consistent failure in the respect of the Human Rights leading to situations of inequality among the society’s members. Sometimes is civil society who build barriers to â€Å"good governance† trying to take advantage of the democratic system. An example can be seen in Spain through the continuos outrages committed by the terrorist group ETA against the rest of the Spanish population and the government. They use the arms and threat to impose their rules in a region of the country ideologically divided (Vasc Country). With their actions this group break down the natural interaction which should take place between civil society and state. Also break the consensus between citizens in their claim for a better society. Another factor that could represent a barrier to the model of â€Å"good governance† is that the failure in the functioning of one of the three actors may affect the success of the other two members. For instance, in the case of the market a set of reasons related to lack of effectiveness in the social and government context can lead to market failure. Situations of inequality and conflict of interests can be seen when the state benefits -with reduced taxes, privileged access to capital, guaranteed markets, etc- some companies more than others. The lack of a good education system results in gap knowledge in technology and a consequent poor competitiveness. Finally, an ineffective rule of law could be cause of conflicts, different forms of abuse and the detriment of investments as companies ask for transparent policies to reduce financial risks. In the international sphere Stiglitz (2002) explains a case of unfair trade and political power between US and Bolivia. This was widely discussed in one of the most recent Uruguay Round of trade negotiations as the South American country opened its barriers to allow US to control the traffic of cocaine and was almost eradicated the growth of this in the country -even being the only income of many Bolivian citizens. However, US responded keeping its barriers closed to agricultural products that Bolivian farmers might export. Thus, US used its economic and political power to get better benefits for itself and did not fairly respond to the efforts of Bolivia. Thus, â€Å"good governance† is not possible in developing countries when they are in economic and political disadvantage respect to rich countries. Archer (2003) concludes that â€Å"good governance thesis highlight the fact that there is an overlap between business interests and Human Rights. 4. Conclusion. The UN Commission for Human Right offers a very sensible definition of â€Å"good governance† based on the necessity of the respect of the people’s civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Also gives to the three actors of governance the instructions about how they should achieve a more fair society. But the problem is that even having the instruments and the knowledge to do so too many different interests have to be put in common, which is an utopia in a world where advantage sectors take benefits of the differences of power within societies. A society cannot develop properly without the proper functioning of its formal and informal institutions that at the same time have to be designed and applied according to the needs and beliefs of the citizens, not trying to satisfy just the privileged minorities that dominate the interactions among state, market and civil society. The aim of those who holds the power spheres should be to seek equilibrium among the three actors of governance while applying the rules of the game and the maintenance of a democratic network system. To find the right balance is difficult and although some countries get very close to it there is no society in the world which achieved a total â€Å"good governance†. References. Archer, R. (2003). United Nations. Non-Governamental Liason Service. Development dossiers. Market and good governance. unsystem.org/ngls/documents/publications .en/develop.dossier/dd.01/01.htm#02 Viewed February 2004. Cruikshank, B. (1999). The will to empower. Democratic citizens and other subjects. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Gorringe, P. (1997). The State and Institutions. The Treasury Wellington New Zealand. www.treasury.govt.nz/gorringe/papers/gp-1997.pdf (Viewed February 2004). Jutting, J. (2003). Institutions and Development: A critical review. OECD. Development Centre. DEV/DOC (2003) 08. Technical papers. No 210. Pgs. 11-12. www.oecd.org.dev/Technics (Viewed February 2004) Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding governance. Policy networks, governance, reflexibility and accountability. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press. Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. London and New York: Allen Lane. The Pinguin Press. United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance .htm (Viwed February 2004). United Nation Office of the High Commission for Human Rights. Human Rights and Development. unhchr.ch/development/governance-01.html (Viewed February 2004) Research Papers on The Three Actors Upon Governance - State, Market and Civil society - Government EssayBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

The Trail of Tears Essay

The Trail of Tears Essay The Trail of Tears Essay The Trail of Tears refers to the forceful relocation and eventual movement of the Native American communities from the South Eastern regions of the U.S. as a result of the enactment of the Indian Removal Act in the year 1830. In the year 1838, in line with Andrew Jacksons policy of the Indians’ removal, the Cherokee community was forced to surrender its land to the east of Mississippi River and migrate to the present day Oklahoma. This journey was referred to as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† mainly due to its devastating effects it had to the Indian people. The migrants faced extreme hunger, diseases and exhaustion due to the forced march while more than 50,000 people died (Cave, 2003). The Trail of Tears resulted in a devastating effect for the Indians such as extreme hunger, diseases and exhaustion due to long walk and massive injustices and abuse of fundamental human rights. According to Perdue (2008), the Trail of Tears is regarded as one of the tragic eras in the U.S. history mainly due to the forceful relocation of the Indians. This is also considered as the beginning of the Indian extermination by the U.S. government even though they had lived in the country several centuries before the white settlers set their foot in America. After the American Revolution and the eventual creation of the U.S., the Indians were regarded as a separate nation within a sovereign country even though they were fully committed to a peaceful coexistence with the white settlers. However, the white settlers were mostly interested in the resources of rich and productive land under the occupation of the Indians. As a result, the U.S. government embarked on a long campaign marked by false promises, broken and false treaties, and threats of military force and racist attitudes to oust the Indians from their native territory. The U.S. government committed a heinous incident in its long history when it passed the Removal Act in the year 1830, which later resulted in the Trail of Tears. The Indians were moved to the west in an exodus that would ensure the new American settlers continued growing and prospering in their new country. The most famous of those forced from their native land by the U.S. government included Five Civilized Tribes comprising of the Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw and Creek (Cave, 2003). These tribes constituted the majority of more than 60,000 Indians driven out of their land and they were distinguished from other Indian populations due to their leadership forms and organization. They had functional social systems based on property ownership, government offices and established schools much like in Europe (Perdue, 2008). However, the U.S. government could not recognize them to be civilized enough to be their neighbors necessitating their forceful relocation. The Trail of Tears created a period of immeasurable misery and despair among the Indians who were being relocated against their wishes. In order to relocate the Indian tribes swiftly and effectively, the Indians tribes were prearranged into wretched and miserable traveling caravans. During the trail, the Indians passed through horrible living conditions that were unbearable, for instance, the Indians slept in the mud, lacked shelter and enough food. On the other hand, they were usually forced to march in chains or manacles. In most cases, if the poor living conditions did not kill them, severe disease outbreaks killed most of the Indians. They were plagued with diseases such as dysentery, pneumonia, whooping cough, pellagra and tuberculosis, which usually wiped out entire families (Cave, 2003). Consequently, the Trail of Tears resulted in massive deaths among the Indians apart from damaging the Indian American spirit and self respect. The 1830 Indian Removal act gave President Jackson the power to relocate the Indians under their consent while the act required that they be compensated for the relocation. However, this is not the manner in which the policy was implemented as the government engaged in false treaties with the Indians, broken promises and perpetrated lies while dealing with the Indians (Cave, 2003). The Choctaw Indians in 1831 were the first who were relocated and they became a perfect model for the successful relocations. The Seminole followed the Choctaw in 1832, then the Creek in the year 1834, the Chickasaw Indians in the year 1837, and lastly the Cherokee Indians in 1838. As a result, by 1837, it is estimated that more than 46,000 Native Indians from these southern states had forcefully been relocated from their homelands thus opening about 25 million acres for mainly white settlement (Perdue, 2008). In conclusion, the Trail of Tears is a perfect expression of the U.S. government’s act of inhumanity towards the Indians. The new white settlers in the U.S. had escaped the oppression in Europe and they were obsessed with their new freedoms in America that they easily trampled on the freedom and rights of the Indians. The Trail of Tears resulted in a devastating effect for the Indians who were forced to walk over 1,000 miles to Oklahoma in a trip where they walked without shoes or enough clothing (Perdue, 2008). The food provision was scarce, they suffered from severe diseases and a large number of the Indians died from the harsh conditions and diseases. The U.S. must never forget these shameful and sad moments in its long history with the hope that the country learns from the past, in order to prevent the occurrence of other atrocities similar to the Trail of Tears. Visit our custom essay service to have your essay paper written by professional writers. High quality, on-time delivery and personal support guaranteed.

The Financial Planning Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Financial Planning Process - Essay Example The main aim of the analysis is to understand the difference between our needs and wants. Particular financial objectives are essential to financial planning. Others can propose financial objectives for us; on the other hand, we need to choose the objectives for which we are planning our financial situations for future needs. Financial objectives can go from using the greater part of the current income to creating far-reaching reserve funds and investment program for the financial security of our future. Developing other options is most important part of making effective decisions. Although there are many factors which will influence the available options we need to consider the possible course of action under the following categories- We need to assess conceivable approaches, contemplating the life circumstance, current economic condition and personal goals and values. We have to assess the Outcomes of Decisions. Each choice shuts off options. For instance, a choice to put resources into stock may mean that we cant take an excursion. Opportunity cost is the important thing that we need to give up while settling on a decision. This cost generally alluded to as the exchange off of a choice, cant generally is measured in dollars. Choice making will be a progressing a piece of your individual and financial circumstance. Hence, investors will need to consider the lost opportunities which will be needed to face by the investors as a result of their decisions. In this step of financial planning activities, investors need to develop a plan of action. It requires choosing correct ways to achieve our targets. After achieving the short-term goals investors need to focus on the long-term financial goals of our life. For planning our financials investors can take help of any professional person who will help them to achieve their target. Financial planning is a dynamic process which does not end after taking a particular cause of action.  

The global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The global warming - Essay Example ds, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, ozone, radon, and industrial smog (sulfurous and nitrous compounds mixed with water vapor and soot) (Global, 2003). Many of these pollutants are released into the atmosphere from areas of heavy industry and high traffic areas. Air pollution existed long before this, though, in the form of volcanic activity, fires, and dust-storms. This natural sort of pollution was generally able to be removed or assimilated by the functions of the biosphere. During these times, the earth was in a system that basically had minimal impact from humans. New chemicals and excess pollution since the industrial revolution, however, have taxed the threshold level of the biosphere. Acid deposition, global warming, and stratospheric ozone depletion represent unsustainable impacts on the environment. Many atmospheric scientists agree that air pollution from human sources has significantly altered the entire biosphere. Working globally in concerned international communities is seen to be key to solving the problem and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But steps must be taken to reduce the threat of global climate change at the individual, local, state, and national, as well as the international, level. Steps could be as complicated as urban design and waste management research, or as simple as planting a tree. Many cities have voluntarily taken the initiative to improve the environment by implementing greenhouse gas reduction strategies. These strategies can help communities save money as they lower the risks to human health caused by glo bal warming. As too carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere from traditional energy sources, and as the media pays a lot of attention, more and more people have been exploring energy alternatives in the form of wind and solar energy, as well as exploring more environmentally friendly options in their choice of building materials. Global warming has been a concern of science for more than a century, perhaps

Canadas Involvement in Defeating the Apartheid System Essay

Canadas Involvement in Defeating the Apartheid System - Essay Example It became more apparent when the South African government implemented the apartheid system. The series of events demonstrating the evil effects of the brutal policy had caught the attention of powerful and rich countries like United States and Canada. Together with the other concerned states, the Canadian government extended social, political, and economic support to the black people in South Africa. With its heterogeneous population, Canada was considered to have an essential role in thwarting the principles advanced by the apartheid system. The Apartheid System and its Justification The apartheid system refers to â€Å"the separation of races† in almost every aspect of life (Edwards n. pag.). Under this system, there is segregation with regard to the following: (1) education (2) medical care (3) transportation (4) housing (5) employment (6) voting and (7) public accommodation (Edwards). Its main thrust is to prevent the other races from enjoying the areas of life which are only meant for the white race. In the eyes of the minority white government, the implementation of the Apartheid policy is a necessary precondition in attaining a good political structure. The government believes that this objective is only achievable if there will be peace throughout the South African community. For the minority white, a peaceful co-existence will only truly happen if there would be separation of races (Edwards n. pag.). For them, there should be social, political, and economic segregation between the different races in South Africa. It would seem that the ruling whites are irritated and disgusted with the presence of dark-skinned individuals within the South African community. Apparently, the government uses the physical attributes of the blacks as an excuse to its inefficient delivery of essential public services. For the white leaders, good governance would mean racial segregation. In such case, it is their belief that a smooth flow of interaction between the various agencies of the government would only be feasible through the apartheid system. This is buttressed by the fact that the whites are the dominant race in South Africa when the apartheid policy was introduced in 1948 (â€Å"Apartheid Era†). Canadian Diplomacy It is a generally accepted principle in international law that if a certain issue is of national scope, the other nations are not supposed to interfere with the subject state. However, in actuality, there are national issues which need a worldwide intervention; the apartheid in South Africa is a good example. When the apartheid policy of the South African government became a global issue, many states extended their support as in the case of Canada. Just like the other concerned states, the Canadian government also tried diplomacy to defeat the apartheid system. Diplomacy, as an art of dialogue and negotiation, was used by Canada to gain support from the other states and weaken the government of South Africa (â€Å"Diplomacy†). The negotiation effort was personally handled by the country’s Prime Minister, Martin Brian Mulroney. Canada, represented by Mulroney, vigorously advanced the situation in South Africa within the Commonwealth of Nations; in turn, the organization supported Mulroney’s conviction and imposed a new condition for membership -- a state must at all times respect racial equality (â€Å"Canada’s Role†). Nevertheless, with such condition at hand, the South African government still did not dismantle the apartheid. Instead, it left the Commonwealth in 1961 and became a republic (â€Å"United States†

The Grapes of The wrath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Grapes of The wrath - Essay Example He is in his late twenties and is highly respected by his family. The story starts off with Tom being released from the prison. He was imprisoned for four years for killing a man in a fight. "Homicide," he said quickly. "That's a big word—means I killed a guy. Seven years. I'm sprung in four for keepin' my nose clean" (Steinbeck 13). This shows that he obviously has certain violent tendencies. He cannot keep his temper in check, can lose his senses at it being crossed. He also seems to be quite powerful physically. The amount of time spend in jail has, of course, changed his personality but he cannot possibly turn a new leave completely and as it is shown later, these former traits come out at different parts of his journey. Tom is also quite blunt; he does not seem to be embarrassed about people guessing about him having a criminal record. He seems to be proud of himself as a person and very sure of himself. He is also determined and wills things to go his way. He does not st rike to be as an educated person and, in fact, he is not. He cannot read or write though he asserts that he could if he wanted to. Tom is sly enough and manages to convince a driver to drop him off near his home, easily keeping up with the conversation. There he comes across a preacher called Jim Casy. They get reacquainted, building a new friendship. Casy is no longer the believer of the things as he was earlier. Later in the story, Casy is shown to be a great influence on Tom with certain repercussions attached to it. The two get closer and Casy makes Tom realise what unfairness and prejudice people are suffering through. "Well, you and me got sense. Them goddamn Okies got no sense and no feeling. They ain't human. A human being wouldn't live like they do. A human being couldn't stand it to be so dirty and miserable. They ain't a hell of a lot better than gorillas" (Steinbeck 221). On one of such arguments with the police, Casy turns violent and is arrested. When he is released, T om goes back to him. Casy is shot dead by a policeman in front of Tom. To avenge the death of a friend, Tom shows his loyalty by killing an officer. Here, the murderer reemerges. On the way to his home, Tom picks up a stray turtle. "An old turtle," he said. "Picked him up on the road. An old bulldozer. Thought I'd take 'im to my little brother. Kids like turtles" (Steinbeck 21). This shows that despite the tough personality he is intent on showing to others, though he has a volatile temperament, he still is in touch with his human side. He has enough affection for his siblings to want to take something for him to make him happy. In the different areas of the text, Tom is shown as fondly remembering his family. He obviously loves them quite a bit. At reaching the house, Tom is informed by Muley Graves the neighbor that his family have left and gone to Uncle John’s, planning to pack up and migrate to California in search of jobs. He finds them, time and time again shows his fon dness for his family. On their road trip to California, his grandparents pass away. Life is not easy in the new city until Noah, the oldest Joad child, gives in and leaves his family. Tom now officially becomes the head after his father. He assumes the responsibilities and is respected by them. It is during these times that Tom starts to look at the conditions in the long run, decides to do something for the others and not just himself or his family. "I climb fences when I got fences to climb," said Tom. Casy

The effects of water diagrams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The effects of water diagrams - Assignment Example The air releases its wetness content over the tropical regions creating a low-pressure region. The poles are the origin of dense air descending due to the high pressure. The descending of dense air toward high-pressure tropical zones results in hot dry winds. The resultant wind is devoid of moisture and blows over North Africa, North America and Middle East hence, the desert in the above regions (Concord, 2012). The descending of glacier results in the creation of features. However, the process is gradual. Glaciers create feature by scouring the earth and depositing material in diverse areas. They drag along rocky material, which is embedded in the glacier. The rock particles scour the earth surface creating certain feature such as horns and arà ªtes. Additionally, if the gravel emanating from glaciations is deposited it is regarded as moraine. For glaciations to generate distinct features, massive quantity of ice is necessary. However, the receding ice caps have resulted in reduced glaciations (Pidwirny,

The Grapes of The wrath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Grapes of The wrath - Essay Example He is in his late twenties and is highly respected by his family. The story starts off with Tom being released from the prison. He was imprisoned for four years for killing a man in a fight. "Homicide," he said quickly. "That's a big word—means I killed a guy. Seven years. I'm sprung in four for keepin' my nose clean" (Steinbeck 13). This shows that he obviously has certain violent tendencies. He cannot keep his temper in check, can lose his senses at it being crossed. He also seems to be quite powerful physically. The amount of time spend in jail has, of course, changed his personality but he cannot possibly turn a new leave completely and as it is shown later, these former traits come out at different parts of his journey. Tom is also quite blunt; he does not seem to be embarrassed about people guessing about him having a criminal record. He seems to be proud of himself as a person and very sure of himself. He is also determined and wills things to go his way. He does not st rike to be as an educated person and, in fact, he is not. He cannot read or write though he asserts that he could if he wanted to. Tom is sly enough and manages to convince a driver to drop him off near his home, easily keeping up with the conversation. There he comes across a preacher called Jim Casy. They get reacquainted, building a new friendship. Casy is no longer the believer of the things as he was earlier. Later in the story, Casy is shown to be a great influence on Tom with certain repercussions attached to it. The two get closer and Casy makes Tom realise what unfairness and prejudice people are suffering through. "Well, you and me got sense. Them goddamn Okies got no sense and no feeling. They ain't human. A human being wouldn't live like they do. A human being couldn't stand it to be so dirty and miserable. They ain't a hell of a lot better than gorillas" (Steinbeck 221). On one of such arguments with the police, Casy turns violent and is arrested. When he is released, T om goes back to him. Casy is shot dead by a policeman in front of Tom. To avenge the death of a friend, Tom shows his loyalty by killing an officer. Here, the murderer reemerges. On the way to his home, Tom picks up a stray turtle. "An old turtle," he said. "Picked him up on the road. An old bulldozer. Thought I'd take 'im to my little brother. Kids like turtles" (Steinbeck 21). This shows that despite the tough personality he is intent on showing to others, though he has a volatile temperament, he still is in touch with his human side. He has enough affection for his siblings to want to take something for him to make him happy. In the different areas of the text, Tom is shown as fondly remembering his family. He obviously loves them quite a bit. At reaching the house, Tom is informed by Muley Graves the neighbor that his family have left and gone to Uncle John’s, planning to pack up and migrate to California in search of jobs. He finds them, time and time again shows his fon dness for his family. On their road trip to California, his grandparents pass away. Life is not easy in the new city until Noah, the oldest Joad child, gives in and leaves his family. Tom now officially becomes the head after his father. He assumes the responsibilities and is respected by them. It is during these times that Tom starts to look at the conditions in the long run, decides to do something for the others and not just himself or his family. "I climb fences when I got fences to climb," said Tom. Casy

Internal and External Analysis for New Balance Athletic Shoes Inc Essay

Internal and External Analysis for New Balance Athletic Shoes Inc - Essay Example Finally, the company lacks the emphasis required on design in order to achieve broader sales volumes. The information uncovered for this report will be discussed in relative detail in this report. New Balance currently maintains a somewhat conservative mentality when it comes to trying to reach potential customers. This is an attitude within the company that needs to change and should represent flexibility in thinking toward a change in the brand. Such changes would require small internal adjustments in promotion (and the overall sales budget) to make the product stand out in the minds’ of consumers. Currently, the company only maintains 58 percent brand recognition (Bowen, Huckman & Knoop, 2008), considerably lower than that of their rival competition, Nike and Reebok. However, dollar for dollar, the company’s advertising expenditures are nearly equal with Reebok but the return on this investment is significantly higher for Reebok. The more mature-minded consumer may not be the ideal candidate for the modern New Balance company when it comes to increasing sales volumes, the key to moving forward may lay in reaching a much broader and younger, progressive consum er audience. The company is currently working with a wide variety of different styles for production which should be an integral part of the company’s operations: A well-developed research and development team combined with marketing excellence that can reposition the product (based on budget restrictions) as a more progressive shoe company. It is suggested that marketing strategies should include focusing on this element of good business, illustrating to prospective customers that the company intends to stay around and means business. Such marketing changes, developed through an appropriate project management team, could unleash a brand new image for New Balance, suggesting that it, too, can weigh quality with

Top gear and Classic Cars Essay Example for Free

Top gear and Classic Cars Essay Magazines articles are a very common source of promotion; it has certain ways to reach its audience. Magazine articles on specific products can give help give it positive or negative advertising, so professional opinions on particular products like cars and electronic gadgets, have become increasingly important, it allows the reader to get the information that he wants from a professional, away from all the glamorising through its normal advertising. It helps spread a sense of reality to the products which otherwise many people would not see. From this a new breed of magazines aimed directly and overtly at a male readership, using masculinity as a marketing tool, has increased the popularity of magazines for male men, allowing the writers focus on male dominated interests, like cars sports and women. However certain magazines like Top Gear can be accessible for women although there market has a very high male audience. For my English Project we have been asked to investigate a particular use of language. I have chosen to look at the content and style of two different stereotypical mens magazines and to how they reach there target audience. I am going to look at whether the style of the article changes depending on what age it is being advertised to. I will be focusing mainly on the male language used in the articles, how the author tries to make it appeal to its target audience. The depth of the content and it style. Data description I will be looking at two magazines, which stereotypically would have a male audience. An article from a Top Gear magazine and one from a Classic Cars Text A is a personal opinion and general review of the Porsche 911 GT3. The article on the Porsche 911 GT3 written by Jeremy Clarkson was obtained from a motoring magazine Top Gear. Being a motoring magazine it clearly defines its audience as those who are interested in cars, which is what top gear revolves round. The magazine it self would attract a male audience of 16-50, due to its general glamorising of cars and comedic value. However it would also interest girls from 16-30 due to its increased popularity on TV and its general over-hype of super cars. The general articles in the Top Gear magazine, includes many super cars and fast powerful cars. Not really aimed for people who are looking for an average car, although it has the odd standard car. This particular article on the Porsche 911 GT3 will probably be aimed at a male audience of 16-40, specifically at the boy racers and men having a midlife crisis just wanting to feel younger, as that would be the common target market for a Porsche 911The reason behind this is that Porsche are seen as fast and powerful cars. He would be aiming to informing the reader about the car, and trying to persuade the reader by reviewing it. he also has to provide entertainment for the readers who may follow the show aswell. Text B is a report on the Hackett Beaujolais Runs, which includes a selection of cars and people involved in the Hackett Beaujolais Run, a charity race that takes place in France, written by Mike Goodbun, obtained from a another motoring magazine, but specialising in older cars, and not the typical cars of this generation. The magazine itself would attract an older readership, possibly of 40-60, linking back to when these cars had been made so that the readers can relate to the article and the people in it. It would be directed at a male audience, which can be seen by the magazine itself through the consistent use of men in the magazine. The magazine has a lot of older cars that are seen as benchmarks in the car industry, like the 1967 Mercedes-Benz Pagoda or the DeLorean DMC12, The car from Back to the Future, which can help attract a wider audience. This particular magazine article, would suit the main target audience of the magazine, readers around 40-60, from when the event started in relation to the age of the readers. The authors main aim would be to inform the readers about the event, and about the cars that were used at the event. Aims and Hypothesis I already have perceived ideas about what I will find in my investigation, but I am hoping to find out if my predictions are true. I am comparing how the language in both of these articles reaches their target audience and how it can be seen it is a male related topic. I am expecting to find a lot of stereotyping within the advertisements; the car would be advertised as fast, powerful machines and the technical terminology used to reach a male audience. I will also be exploring what kind of impression they give to their target audience and whether the language alters depending on the audience and how the cars are perceived I predict that Text B, will have a significant use of technical terminology and will be more formal not only due to the widespread popularity of Top Gear, who have to aim at a wider audience, from a younger to and older audience, but also down to the fact they are both targeted at a different age group, with very different views on cars. This will then help me see how they aim to reach and make it accessible for their target audience through language choices. I also expect to find the Text B would be more drawn to focusing on the cars and being focusing on the cars whereas Text A will rely more on entertainment than facts. Methodology For my investigation I decided to analyse two stereotypical male articles looking at the language. I decided to go with a magazine which on certain aspects can relate to a female audience but generally has a high male audience, and then look at a magazine which is aimed directly and clearly at an older male readership although may interest some of the younger audience The more neutral magazine, I picked was Top Gear as it allows me to see how authors try and make it appeal to a wide audience, although it clearly has a high male audience due to its topic. The other magazines I picked was more difficult, I picked a magazine which was genuinely linked to an older target readership, possibly one of 40-60. For this I picked Classic Cars as, both magazines aim to provide the reader with information on cars which each generation can enjoy. The younger audience more interested in speed and beauty, whereas an older obviously interested in speed, but would interested in its history and what it represents for them. Classic cars seemed to fit with the target audience of the article I was looking for. From this, I will begin my analysis by working through both articles and annotating both of the articles, looking at the male discourse features and other linguistic features linked to males. I will look at the discourse structure and how the article is relevant to my investigation. I will use the following levels of language: * Graphology this will show me what kind of images they use for to appeal to their target audience. Whether the overall layouts of mens magazines in general, assert a sense of masculinity and affect the stereotypical readership. * Lexis this will enable me to look at why certain words and phrases are used, and what effect they have. The lexis used will help me identify male speech in both the articles and how they appeal to their audience. * Grammatical and syntax a very important part of my investigation, this will show how sentence structures generally will affect readers and how they affect the male audience. * Semantic this will tell me what kind of connotations the language in the article suggests, and whether it is focusing on a specific topic in the article. * Orthography Looking at the Spelling and punctuation and how it affects the reader. Graphology Text A, the Jeremy Clarkson article on the Porsche 911 GT3, is printed in Black and white, giving it a very sophisticated and serious look to it. It brings out a darkness of the article which seems to be hidden. The picture of Jeremy Clarkson in the right hand corner of the page, which is the most eye catching feature in the article, helps brings out a sense mysteriousness and subterfuge to the article and at the same time keeping the look very simplistic, he seems to have a look of old frail look possibly to emphasises wisdom, as this is a topic that he can relate to. The rest of his body in shadow also helps create a sense of mysteriousness and makes it very spy-like. He has a very sophisticated look, at the same time keeping a very serious look, maintaining the view that men regard topics like cars and sports very important. From the way he looks, very smart but casual at the time, with a look of wisdom to himself, and looks like he know what he is on about, it can appeal to his target audience which would set out to be a male reading audience of 16-40. Also Jeremy Clarkson looking directly at the reader with a thoughtful expression engages the reader and brings the reader towards the article. The proper noun Clarkson to the left of the page, in very simplistic writing gives makes it very formal and gives him a sense of authority, and a voice of authority make him much more powerful, this way setting him apart from the reader and can be quite intimidating. Also the quote in the middle of the page, my relationship with this brain-child of Hitler in large writing, sets out the importance of that specific line. Making reference to Hitler, a controversial historic figure engages the readers interest to the article, making them want to know what the author is talking about. In Text B, Mike Goodbun article on the Hackett Beaujolais Run, the article is positioned over two back to back pages, possibly already showing the lack of importance of it, by not giving a full two page display. The first page is laid out in a very simple manner, as the target audience for this article would perhaps be more interested in the content rather than the display. The picture of The AC Cobra just above the middle of the page is very symbolic in the nature that it is a representative of British cars, as well as American muscle cars. It is the gentlemens sports car, and has a touch of sophistication to it, and clearly associate it with an older market, as younger readers would be more interested in fast and powerful cars like the Porsche in Text A. In the centre of the page is the title Wine, women sports cars, highlighting what men stereotypically hold important as conversational points. Wine in place of alcohol in general, however wine adds a sense of sophistication and class, focusing and reinforcing the Gentlemen target audience. The next page tells the reader what the occasion is all about, the race, the route, the guy in the picture with a funny wig, marks the occasion, as does the wine bottle and the sports car, it represents what the race it hold and advertises it for other people to get involved, the next year. Furthermore the quote I the middle of the page highlights the stand out of the race we have a mini-convoy of Cobra, Elise and 550 Maranello. Associating this with the race will put the race in better light to the audience and hopefully take part in it. Both are very simplistic, and look unfussy, yet it allows them to draw the readers in through this technique. Lexis The extract taken from Top Gear magazine on the Porsche 911 GT3 uses a lot of informal language. However the picture he presents of himself gives the text a sense of seriousness, Engle noted men regarded their topics as more serious and important and for this fact; the lexis used has a lot of bearing to it, as good as any Ferrari and at a whisker Men would regard his opinion highly, from what he is trying to put through. The first line on the top of the page is the original always the best, ponders Clarkson? Also gives it a sense of formality and seriousness, by posing a question which involves the reader, and clearly sets out to be controversial as this would bring divided opinions. It also brings out the overall topic of what hes going to write about. The text also uses a lot of informal lexis like offering brain pate and crackers to all and sundry and in a shit am going to die sort of way as this suits the primary audience of males between 16-40. The language he uses helps him reach his target audience and relate to them better, it is important that he is seen as one of them as well as a professional so that his opinions are valued, and the use of humour and taboo language, being funny and anecdotal with a serious topic allows him too reach his audience, although this would be seen as a serious topic, it is important that he doesnt impose his opinions on the reader, and this goes opposite of what male men are meant to do, to be competitive and show they are right. This shows that the Jeremy Clarkson has a purpose with the language he is using; it helps attract the reader in to his article, and relate to them and in turn informing them. Contractions can be found in this text quite often. He uses it in different parts of the extract, hed sawn the and Ive always enjoyed giving it a sense of discourse which makes it sound a little informal as the text is in first person and this will let him say how he feels and talk about his own experience, this will help him appeal and engage the reader, as it is easier for the easier to read an focus on the article itself. By doing this, it also helps Jeremy express his feeling and actions easily to his audience. Moreover the use of colloquialisms helps evoke a feeling of informality, and this informality helps him relate to his target audience, and make the article more attractive and interesting for the reader, as more formal language may be off putting.. In the text they come in as a form of slang like biggish and wiggled, the words do not have to be used by males but the informality will helps his relate to them as being one of them and making sure he doesnt force a difference between him and his readers, using slang and colloquialism socially will help the readers attention. Keeping topic interesting and to the point will allow Jeremy dominance as hes not flouting the maxims, and therefore keeping the readers attention. In this text a lot of car related jargon can be identified, words like gearbox, Michelins and traction are used which are directly linked to cars and its different aspects. The purpose behind this is that it identifies the subject of the content, and the reader can see this clearly. This simply links the text back to its social context and informs the audience about the main topic of the text. Text B, the article on the Hackett Beaujolais Run, is informal to an extent but is much more complex than the Jeremy Clarkson article; due to the audience they are both trying to aim at. The title Wine, women and sports cars, highlights what men stereotypically hold important as conversational points. The use of these words expresses masculinity as it is what men not women talk about more often. The cars semantic field again reinforces what find important in conversational topics. There is a mixture if informal text and formal, appealing to its readers who would be much more mature and older than the Top Gear readers. The kind of road you wouldnt take a tractor down and The Cobras open Cockpit makes for an invigorating ride A lot of different types of jargon and specialist vocabulary can be found in this extract that help describe the race. Geographical terms are used, mostly names of places such as Beaujeu Macon and Great Ormand. These proper nouns are found throughout the entire text and are used to take the audience along with him on the race from one place to another and to provide greater details of where he has been and where he is going. In this text a lot of car related jargon and technical language can be identified, words like 2000 RPM, Ferrari and bonnet are used which are directly linked to cars and its different aspects. There is certainly more use of technical language in this article, as the author is not aiming at a wider audience as Jeremy Clarkson is in the Top Gear Magazine, It allows the author to focus on readers who are interested in the car and its different aspects. The use of technical language simply links the text back to its social context and informs the audience about the main topic of the text. The language the author uses helps the author keep the reader informed of the events, and makes it more interesting by giving important information. The jargon and specialist terminology is clearly needed as a lot of readers would expect this from a car magazine, with an Audience who have more interested in details of cars than entertainment. Semantics Nouns The use of the proper noun, Clarkson brings about a sense of authority and with a voice of authority makes him much more powerful. The use of just his surname Clarkson helps him set apart from the reader, as it brings about a public school education, which gives him a sense of importance and respect from the reader. Some of the proper nouns used in text A, also make the article seem very dark and murderous, using Hannibal Lecter, the character from the Silence of the Lambs, gives it very dark connotations, when relating back to the context of the article it would seem that the author would refer to the Porsche as very dark and possibly murderous, emphasising that the car in generally is not very normal, as the Porsche 911 GT3 looks very different from a typical Porsche, and its monstrosity with its sheer power and speed may attract the target audience to the car. Referring to Hannibal Lecter, helps him put out the car itself is monstrous, cars which are said to be dark and murderous, also emphasises the speed of the car, that the Porsche could actually kill the driver, which would interest the boy racers interested in the car. To associate Hitler, controversial historic figure, with the car, makes the car seem very dark and gives the same connotations as would Hannibal Lecter, and would keep the readers interest in the article. Using James bond, helps gives the reader an imaginative approach to the Porsche; it suggests the Porsche being sophisticated, adventurous, and glamorous. Using James Bond and Hannibal Lecter, bring about glam and evil feel to the article and would attract a male audience generally and sums up the male psyche. Although both of these not having much relation to the Porsche at the beginning shows that he has been given a certain freedom to write as well as fitting in perfectly. The use of Gloucestershire and London, sets the place of the article, and gives the reader a bit of background knowledge of the car. Both of these can be seen as good target markets for the Porsche. The use of the proper noun Godfather and Mad Max 2: Road Warrior also suggests aggressive connotations, the Godfather is symbolic in Italian mafia, where The Godfather is seen as the leader, the most important person, the one that everyone looks up to and the one respected. The movie is also seen to be as one of the best of all time, and using this is the article shows that Jeremy does clearly respect the car, although he doesnt like Porsche cars. The use of Road Warrior specifically warrior has connotations of a fighter, some who will fight for good and helps associate bravery and courage to this car. Using the topic of movies helps Jeremy attract a wider audience, than if he had just talked about cars. The use of movies as a starting point helps make the article appeal to a wider audience, and is used as an entertaining read. A lot of the common nouns used are for is technical language related to car jargon specifically to do with cars. The noun used the most was car, which is expected as the main topic of the article is the Porsche 911. Other nouns that are found often are all hyponyms under this theme, like tyres, wheel and gearbox. This car semantic field also links back to the content and the context of the article and lets the reader know what the main topic of the article is. The article also has a semantic field of murder and killing as this will attract his target audience and again sums up the male psyche. The author is trying to link the semantic field of the article with the car and that it can be extremely dangerous. It builds up a sense of fear and associates it with the car. Common nouns like murder and death gives these connotations. Furthermore the use of villain, terrorist and brainchild all give negative connotations. In essence it brings out the dark side in the car, the use of terrorist give connotations of violence and killing, whish goes with the semantic field of the article perfectly. Moreover brainchild, implicates cloning of something. In this context emphasises the darkness in the article, it associates it with Hitler and makes it a product of his thinking and work, therefore as Hitler was seen to be evil this would mean the same for the car. Doing this it makes thae article much more interristing, and helps entertain the reader by using, non-significant but very contreversial and interesting topics. Clarkson also uses a few similes but I find them as emotionless as limestone. He uses very vivid associations. This simile attaches negative connotations, hes giving his opinion on how he feels about the car, that he thinks its not very exciting and the cars themselves (as he is talking about Porsche in general) do dont jump out at the reader as may other cars do. Also he uses a simile to describe the car, a spoiler big enough to serve as a landing strip for a small aircraft. This allows him to emphasise the size of the spoiler and the car itself, he is describing as a sports car, and not a car for that self loving, business man who just want to look sophisticated. In Text B, the proper noun, Beaujolais Noveau, a French wine made in 1973, expresses a deal of sophistication to the text, stereotypically, the French culture is seen to be romantic and sophisticated. Its sets up the tone of the article with a sense of sophistication and sets it apart from the readers in Text A. Its repetition creates cohesion in the text sets its history and importance in the article. The use of Ferrari also gives positive connotations, it is seen as one of all time classics or a modern age super car, either way it sheer class is admired by all and would attract a lot of the readers by using a popular modern day super car. This would be the author trying to make is accessible for a wider audience, although not to the extent of Text A which uses a different topic. The use of Ferrari, with its power and speed, would interest the male audience. Then the use of Ac Cobra , a classic British car, is symbolic to the readers, being a English car emphasises is importance by the author and by its repetition, even though it is not one of the best cars in the article, the audience may be able to relate to it, as it could be a car that is seen to be admired by the reader. The repetition of English emphasises this. The proper nouns, James Bond, Scooby Doo and Batman shows the child side to it, its stressing the point of it being a charity and just for fun, as does the use of Damon Hill and Steve Berry, possibly used to gain the readers interest, it suggests enjoyment and exuberance of the people taking part, showing the readers who is involved in the charity event. This allows readers to see the enjoyment and the author trying to make it an enjoyable read. His main focus is trying to emphasise the fun in the charity race, and possibly attracting potential contestants. Like Text A, the article includes a lot of car information, related specifically to the cars. The noun used the most was car, which underline the main topic of the article, and an aim to reach his target audience. I also found hyponyms under this theme, like seat, windscreen and dashboard, all ordinary but necessary to attract his target audience. The light hearted and fun semantic field is emphasised, by the use of women, wine, and pleasure it underlines it as a fun event, all in the name of charity, to attract the audience to the article and maybe the event next year and can be seen as a subtle advertisement to the readers, not for the target market but the general public. Adjectives There were a lot of adjectives in text A which is to be expected in a review for a magazine as he is expressing his opinion, its gives a better understanding to the reader and it helps give better detail and vivid images thus a better understanding of the context and setting. The most common adjective in this text was new, it relates back to Porsche emphasising it as a new car. This is why people look to him for information on the car, and why this attracts the reader to the article. The use of exotic and glamorous, to describe places, both give very positive connotations and seems to go against the article, which has made it to seem very dark and murderous, but then relates to the association with James Bond. However the use of nasty and horrid contradicts what has been said, which shows he has mixed opinions on the Porsche, which is further shown by uncomfortable and exciting. It shows that he clearly isnt a big fan of Porsches, which he has said in the article, and may not be giving credit where it is due. Moreover he uses white to describe the car towards the end of the article, white represents purity and possibly good, and it is a bit ironic that under the dark and subterfuge semantic field he describes the Porsche in this way and shows he might have changed his opinion on the car as his day went on. Emma Fitzgerald-Lombard have sized-up the back seat of the white 911 The use of white to describe the 911 in Text B , like in text A, highlights the importance of that car specifically, white holds the connotations of good, this fits in perfectly as it is the only female team in the competition, helping them stand out to the reader. The further use of sculptured gives connotations of beauty and what a lot of the male audience would associate with beauty and cars. It helps gives to the reader a better description of the car itself and attracts readers to the topic in conversation. The use of wet and uncomfortable sets the weather and feeling of the article, its this that makes the race interesting, and forces people to take part. Although the weather may not be appealing this makes the race more appealing. This may be ways to attract more readers or possibly more people to enter the competition. The adjective frenzied, at the end of the article, helps put out to the reader how the audience feel, and has connotations of excitement, over the event. It also implies that a lot of people had come to see in the crowds, and puts it out to be a big event. From this it can be seen the author thinks it is the perfect market to aim the product at. Overall the adjectives in Text A, describe it as dark setting and fits to entertain and inform the reader, the adjectives help target a wider audience, whilst Text B gives the reader a lot of information, on the event, setting a classy and fun semantic field both of these help relate to the audience in hand, and from the adjectives used it can be seen it is a more of a male audience he is looking for. Text A informs as well as entertain the reader, Text B, informed the reader and uses more description of what had happened, allowing both audiences to relate to the article. The article allows a certain amount of fun to be seen and can help with a subtle advertisement. Verbs Some of the verbs play under the dark and murderous semantic field. Words like kill and die give very negative connotations and plays with the whole setting of the article and fit the semantic field of the article. This further is setting the audience to think one way of the car, although the end he changes this way of thinking. The verb used most often in text A is like, very simple and childlike. Which doesnt fit in the dark setting that Jeremy Clarkson has put in place, he doesnt want to force the reader to struggle with reading his article as this may put them off. The setting seems very negative so the use of like contradicts this feeling, which emphasises the positive view he holds the car in. Furthermore the use of admired provides positive connotations and has given it his approval. It also shows he may be resentful in giving a better compliment, dues to his general dislike for Porsche cars, which is duly noted in the article. Most of the verbs used were in the past tense which is done with an aim to simply fulfill the purpose of the text to inform the audience of actions that have took place but switches to the present tense when talking about driving the car. There are also quite a few present participles in this text such as vomiting to put the event in motion, make it more realistic and therefore keeping the readers interest. There were a few modal auxiliary verbs in this text such as could and would. The most common one used in this text is would. These modal auxiliaries give a sense of possibility but also uncertainty. Over all Jeremy is generally very assertive and confident and rarely expresses doubt, this shows he know what he is on about, which is why people respect his opinions and look for his articles. The verb repeated the most in Text B, is turn, as it involves the race and put in to perspective, they have to use the shortest route they can, and turning before others plays a huge part on the race, its emphasizes it importance by it repetition. Text B, involves verbs like pursuing relating to the view, that cars are seen as important of their lives, to try and achieve there goals. The further use of slithering gives a snake-like view on the car, and helps describe its characteristics, in being very slick and quick. Adverbs In text A I found a few adverbs that were used to describe a verb, like in the phrase, shouty styling where the adverb shouty, although not a real word, showing again his freedom to write, and use of slang to reach his audience, is used to support the adjective styling. It places extra emphasis on the verb and makes it stand out to the reader. The use of worst then places the car in a negative context, but shows his clear dislike for Porsche cars. Text B allows the author to emphasise his point. The adverbs in Text B were linked with distance, with longest and shortest helping the readers understand the charity race. Pronouns Text A uses a lot of personal pronouns to provide facts and information to the reader they are a lot in first person, as stories about the authors are generally always written in first person like I and me. There were also pronouns in second and third person, allowing Jeremy to bring the reader in and help them relate to him, words like he, we and you. The use of we and you particularly bring the reader in to the article as he tries to share his experience with the reader, bringing in the reader in to the article, helps him fulfilling his aims and purpose of entertaining the reader, making it more realistic and then helps the reader relate to his audience. The most common pronoun which was used was I and creates cohesion in the text; there is a significant use of personal pronouns rather than possessive pronouns. This shows the author is trying to keep the reader interested through out the article. Personal pronouns will help the reader make a judgement themselves instead of being forced an opinion. It depend on how he perceives his audience and his purpose in the article, his purpose is to inform rather than persuade, as many articles in the magazine are, as people interested in the car would not be put off by an article. Text B uses the subjective pronoun it, at a more frequent rate in to the article, the author focuses on the object a lot more than the people, focusing on the important part of the article and keeping the readers interested. The use of I brings the author in to the article, while we and you bring the readers in to the article, forcing them to take part, and making it much more interesting. Grammar Syntax In text A there is more or less an equal share of simple, complex and compound sentences. This is well suited to the audience as it would make it easier to understand. The use of simple sentences like Or was he eaten by a pig? It lays focus on the verb eaten, which has nothing in relation to the car topic, but it allows him to make small anecdotal comments to make the reading more entertaining. Complex and compound sentences both allow the delivery of information easily through fluent and easy to structure of the sentence, and helps the reader keep focus on what is being said. So you get a roll cage instead of back seats and a massive fuel tank However, I noticed looking more closely at the syntax that most of the sentences in this text are declarative sentences. This is very effective in fulfilling the purpose of the text, to inform the reader by giving him the facts of the car in a clear and authoritative way, settings his view apart. A declarative sentence helps the author give and inform the reader, and doesnt really force the reader in to the article as he is merely informing the reader. An example of a declarative sentence would be Ive always enjoyed driving them and always admired there quality but I find them as emotionless as Limestone. These declaratives also effectively help give a good in-depth account of every little detail, which is why people turn to articles such as this. He also uses interrogative sentences, as he is posing questions to the reader, although a lot are merely rhetorical, in order to bring the reader in to the article and helps the reader feel more part of the article so that they can relate to it better. It can also make the reader think and keeps their interest in the subject matter, on the question he is posing. Is the original always the best, ponders Clarkson? There is little evidence of imperative and exclamative sentences, which shows he is not trying to force himself or his opinions on the reader, and is trying to relate to his audience Text A is more or less in the present tense, with the verbs having -ing endings, this helps the Text feel much more dynamic and positive, it gives a feel of Jeremys opinions. It is a tactic to help emphasise the dynamic characteristics of the car, its power and speed. For example, exciting buying and going. In text B there is considerably more complex and compound sentences in the article. The lack of simple sentences defines the audience so as not to make the article sound so childish. Where as the use of complex and compounds helps the author to give more information and blocks to the reader, this helps the article to be aimed at a much more mature audience who want to know the details, emphasising how the author is trying to make it appeal to his target audience. The Scroots Cobra was the first CRS built and has a 225bhp fuel Also in text B, there are a lot more declaratives, theres no prize money or speed helping to deliver the information to the reader, again very useful in its purpose as it can be used to inform the reader. A few imperatives are also used in the text, turn right, now helping the audience understand what the race involved and it was co-ordinated, to give a better feel of the race, and a taste for potential participants next year. The lack of interrogative sentences showed, the authors aim to merely inform the reader of the event and not an aim to question the race in any sort of way. Orthography One of the most important aspects of an article is the first line. The first line I CANT QUITE REMEMBER is used to catch the attention of the reader. It will stand out to the reader and will draw him to the article; this is another way Jeremy Clarkson has looked to draw the reader to the article. Starting off-topic will also help him make it accessible to a wider audience, some of whom may not be able to relate to the main topic. He also uses Italics for the names of certain proper nouns, Thunderball, Casino Royale, and the Sunday Times. This helps him emphasise its importance, however it all fits in later on in the article. He used the movies in Italics to separate it from the main topic but it has a certain relation to the Porsche, as does the mentioning of the Sunday times. Jeremy Clarkson uses italics to help him focus on aspects of his article, to help the reader have a better understanding of his introduction of other topics. The use of commas in betweens the sentences helps deliver the information to the reader easily, and will make it much easier for all the readers, making it a easier read makes it more accessible to all kinds of people, which Jeremy Clarkson and Top Gear are aiming at, as it a major show whats important is ratings from the public.. Text B uses a lot of quotations to make the race an active part of the article turn right. Now making the article more interesting for the reader. Making the article active and relating it to the race helps make the reader feel its going on, and is more entertainment value while informing the reader. There also is a use of italics in the article, but for a different reason to Text A. The author uses italics when the word in related to the wine, this bring a sense of sophistication as he is emphasising the wine and attracts the audience he is aiming at. Furthermore like Text A, he also uses commas in between the sentences helps deliver the information to the reader easily, and will make it much easier for the readers. Conclusion Both of these articles are used as subtle advertisements and seem to attract and entice the reader to buy or to get involved with the race. It has certain techniques to bring the reader in to the articles. The conclusion I have drawn from this investigation is that in many instances both writers have certain techniques, in an aim to attract their audience. Text A uses very obvious techniques trying to stand out to the reader and to draw the reader in to the article. Text B uses a conservative approach in order to bring the audience to the article, by the use of gentle colours and giving it a sense of sophistication. This helps it attract an audience they are aiming for. Also what I found in Text A is that the Porsche seemed to have advertised as something evil, to emphasise its speed in relation to how it could kill you, which is an attractive prospect in fast cars. Whilst Text B relates to the cars involved with generic terms of speed, like thunder. It helps attract the audience they are aiming for and both articles have a clear aim to reach a male audience relating to the language used. Another one of my aims was proved upon, as Text B uses a lot of Technical language related to cars, 225 BHP. It focuses on the cars, and the beauty behind the car, i.e. sculptured although that it not the main topic of the article. The language use is much more complex and difficult than Text B, as the author was only appealing to a certain audience, whereas the Jeremy Clarkson article has a wider audience he can aim for and can attract. Both articles were interesting reads, and both have certain characteristics, Text A is good for entertainment value and will help engage the reader to the article, and aimed at a wider audience who seem to be interested in modern day fast cars. It can also be said this type of article can be seen merely as entertainment for, and an escape for, the heterosexual male. Text B, however is aimed at someone who appreciates car and is interested in being part of something important, it may not interest the wide audience but however it brings about class and sophistication that Text A doesnt come close to. Evaluation All in all I felt my investigation was a successful one; as I went on to prove my aims although there were many aspects that I couldve improved upon. I felt I could have improved on time management, as I should have focused on the aspects that I felt I had to write about, and not have started to annotate the whole article, which was very time consuming. The investigation is not a full representation of mens car magazines, which means the analysis may not be totally fair as it only looks at a few magazines out of a very long range. I could have taken a larger sample and used more magazines, with differentiating characteristics like Nuts and GQ, which give a different view on mens products than both these magazines. This would have allowed me to have a much broader and fair analysis. These wouldve been targeted to a different audience, although it may have been time consuming. A further investigation could be done contrasting articles written by male and female authors, possibly about cars or maybe branching out to other products. This was the first idea that I thought up, however it was extremely difficult to find a car review in a magazines, written by a women for women. It would be interesting to see what king of language each of the authors use to appeal to a certain audience, and how women and men review cars.