What Was the Mariel Boatlift From Cuba

The Mariel boatlift was a mass exodus of Cubans fleeing socialist Cuba for the United States. It took place between April and October 1980 and ultimately included 125,000 Cuban exiles. The exodus was a result of Fidel Castros decision, following protests by 10,000 asylum seekers, to open the Mariel Harbor to allow any Cubans who wanted to leave to do so. The boatlift had wide-ranging repercussions. Before then, Cuban exiles had mainly been white and middle- or upper-class. The Marielitos (as Mariel exiles were referred to) represented a much more diverse group both racially and economically, and included many gay Cubans who had experienced repression in Cuba. However, Castro also took advantage of the open arms policy of the Carter administration to forcefully deport thousands of convicted criminals and mentally ill people. Fast Facts: The Mariel Boatlift Short Description: A mass exodus by boat of 125,000 exiles from Cuba to the U.S.Key Players/Participants: Fidel Castro, Jimmy CarterEvent Start Date: April 1980Event End Date: October 1980Location: Mariel, Cuba Cuba in the 1970s During the 1970s, Fidel Castro set about institutionalizing the initiatives of the socialist revolution during the previous decade, including nationalization of industries and the creation of universal and free healthcare and education systems. However, the economy was in shambles and worker morale was low. Castro critiqued the centralization of the government and aimed to promote more political participation by the population. In 1976, a new constitution created a system called poder popular (peoples power), a mechanism for the direct election of municipal assemblies. Municipal assemblies would elect the provincial assemblies, who chose the deputies who made up the National Assembly, which holds legislative power. In order to address the stagnant economy, material incentives were introduced and wages were linked to productivity, with workers needing to fill a quota. Workers who exceeded the quota were rewarded with a wage increase and given preferential access to large appliances in high demand, like televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, and even cars. The government addressed absenteeism and underemployment by introducing an anti-loafing law in 1971. All of these changes resulted in economic growth at an annual rate of 5.7% during the 1970s. Of course, Cuban trade—both exports and imports—was heavily targeted toward the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries, and thousands of Soviet advisors traveled to Cuba to provide technical assistance and material support in construction, mining, transportation, and other industries. Construction workers use antiquates methods in Havana, Cuba. Circa 1976.   Pictorial Parade / Getty Images During the later 1970s, the Cuban economy stagnated again and there were food shortages, putting pressure on the government. Moreover, housing shortages had been a major problem since the Revolution, particularly in rural areas. The redistribution of homes that had been abandoned by exiles fleeing Cuba had ameliorated the housing crisis in urban areas (where most of the exiles lived), but not in the interior. Castro prioritized housing construction in rural areas but there were limited funds, many architects and engineers had fled the island, and the U.S. trade embargo made it more difficult to obtain materials. Although major housing projects were completed in Havana and Santiago (the islands second largest city), the construction couldnt keep pace with the population increase and there was overcrowding in cities. Young couples, for example, couldnt move to their own place and most homes were inter-generational, which led to familial tensions. Relations With the U.S. Before Mariel Up until 1973, Cubans had been free to leave the island—and around one million had fled by the time of the Mariel boatlift. However, at that point the Castro regime shut the doors in an attempt to halt the massive brain drain of professionals and skilled workers. The Carter presidency ushered in a short-lived detente between the U.S. and Cuba in the late 1970s, with Interest Sections (in lieu of embassies) established in Havana and Washington in 1977. High on the U.S.s list of priorities was the release of Cuban political prisoners. In August 1979, the Cuban government freed over 2,000 political dissidents, allowing them to leave the island. In addition, the regime began allowing Cuban exiles to return to the island to visit relatives. They brought money and appliances with them, and Cubans on the island began to get a taste of the possibilities of living in a capitalist country. This, in addition to discontent regarding the economy and housing and food shortages, contributed to the unrest leading to the Mariel boatlift. A huge demonstration, counting nearly one million persons, parades in Havana on April 19, 1980, off the Peru Embassy, in protest against the Cuban refugees inside the Embassy. AFP / Getty Images   Peruvian Embassy Incident Beginning in 1979, Cuban dissidents began to assault international embassies in Havana to demand asylum and hijack Cuban boats to escape to the U.S. The first such attack was on May 14, 1979, when 12 Cubans crashed a bus into the Venezuelan Embassy. Several similar actions were taken over the next year. Castro insisted that the U.S. help Cuba prosecute the boat hijackers, but the U.S. ignored the request. On April 1, 1980, bus driver Hector Sanyustiz and five other Cubans drove a bus into the gates of the Peruvian Embassy. Cuban guards started shooting. Two of the asylum seekers were injured and one guard was killed. Castro demanded the release of the exiles to the government, but the Peruvians refused. Castro responded on April 4 by removing guards from the Embassy and leaving it unprotected. Within hours, over 10,000 Cubans had stormed the Peruvian Embassy demanding political asylum. Castro agreed to allow the asylum seekers to leave. Castro Opens Port of Mariel In a surprise move, on April 20, 1980, Castro declared that anyone who wanted to leave the island was free to do so, as long as they left via the Mariel Harbor, 25 miles west of Havana. Within hours, Cubans took to the water, while exiles in south Florida sent boats to pick up relatives. The next day, the first boat from Mariel docked in Key West, with 48 Marielitos aboard. A boat arrives in Key West, Florida with more Cuban refugees April, 1980 from Mariel Harbor after crossing the Florida Straits.   Miami Herald/Getty Images During the first three weeks, responsibility for intake of the exiles was placed on Florida state and local officials, Cuban exiles, and volunteers, who were forced to construct makeshift immigration processing centers. The town of Key West was particularly overburdened. Anticipating the arrival of thousands more exiles, Florida Governor Bob Graham declared a state of emergency in Monroe and Dade counties on April 28. Realizing that this would be a mass exodus, three weeks after Castro opened the Mariel port, President Jimmy Carter ordered the federal government to begin helping with intake of the exiles. In addition, he proclaimed an open-arms policy in response to the boatlift which would provide an open heart and open arms to refugees seeking freedom from Communist domination. A baby is hoisted in the air as an act of celebration by a group of Cubans May 5,1980 at an Airforce Base in Florida.   Miami Herald/Getty Images This policy was eventually extended to the Haitian refugees (referred to as boat people) who had been fleeing the Duvalier dictatorship since the 1970s. Upon hearing about Castros opening of the Mariel port, many decided to join the exiles fleeing Cuba. After critique from the African American community regarding a double standard (Haitians were often sent back), the Carter administration established the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program on June 20, which allowed Haitians arriving during the Mariel exodus (ending on October 10, 1980) to receive the same temporary status as Cubans and to be treated as refugees. A Coast Guard patrol boat lands at Miami, Florida, carrying 14 Haitian refugees rescued at sea while attempting to get to Florida in a leaking boat. Bettmann/Getty Images Mental Health Patients and Convicts In a calculated move, Castro took advantage of Carters open-arms policy to forcefully deport thousands of convicted criminals, mentally ill people, gay men, and prostitutes; he viewed this move as purging the island of what he termed escoria (scum). The Carter administration attempted to blockade these flotillas, sending the Coast Guard to seize incoming boats, but most were able to evade the authorities. The processing centers in south Florida were quickly overwhelmed, so the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) opened up four more refugee resettlement camps: Eglin Air Force Base in northern Florida, Fort McCoy in Wisconsin, Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, and Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania. Processing times often took months, and in June 1980 riots broke out at various facilities. These events, as well as pop culture references like Scarface (released in 1983), contributed to the misconception that most Marielitos were hardened criminals. Nonetheless, only about 4% of them had criminal records, many of which were for political imprisonment. Schoultz (2009) asserts that Castro took steps to stop the exodus by September 1980, as he was concerned about harming Carters reelection chances. Nonetheless, Carters lack of control over this immigration crisis tanked his approval ratings and contributed to his losing the election to Ronald Reagan. The Mariel boatlift officially ended in October 1980 with an agreement between the two governments. Legacy of the Mariel Boatlift The Mariel boatlift resulted in a major shift in the demographics of the Cuban community in south Florida, where between 60,000 and 80,000 Marielitos settled. Seventy-one percent of them were black or of mixed-race and working-class, which was not the case for the earlier waves of exiles, who were disproportionately white, wealthy, and educated. More recent waves of Cuban exiles—such as the balseros (rafters) of 1994—have been, like the Marielitos, a much more diverse group socio-economically and racially. Sources Engstrom, David W. Presidential Decision Making Adrift: The Carter Presidency and the Mariel Boatlift. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997.Pà ©rez, Louis Jr. Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.The Mariel Boatlift of 1980. https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2017/10/05/the-mariel-boatlift-of-1980/

Popularity of Social Elements between Male and Female

Spring 2013 SOC101-E / Introduction to Sociology Review Essay #5 (1.) Growing up popularity was always changing. In elementary school it was whoever was the most charismatic, being able to befriend anyone and capture their attention. It changed in middle school when the opposite sex became attractive; then it was whoever bloomed early and could keep the guys attention. It flipped once more in high school; girls were more into make-up, money was important, what clique you belonged to, if you were a cheerleader, and if you had a nice car. Popularity came to those who had most if not all of these characteristics; money, looks, charisma, athleticism, wheels, and a large group of friends. I do think that reasons for popularity changed†¦show more content†¦Growing from family interactions to educational differences and peer related connections. There is something for the male at each stage of their life to ensure that the sex role is well etched into the male. Nonpurposive agents come around later in the males’ life, well after having learned and accepted their sex role. These agents are kind of like a buffer, ensuring that the male maintains his sex role. They are not necessarily engaged often in the male’s life, but every male will experience them. They act as an occasional reassurance to the male that he is still well equipped in his sex role. (5.) Sports and online gaming are two big nonpurposive agents of gender in my own life experiences. It is assumes that females are ignorant in both sports and online gaming. They are always picked last when joining the two or not picked to play at all. Males see it as a dominance thing; females are better off doing their own thing than interfering with male’s bonding time. This puts a big barrier between the males and females, showing that the sex roles are still just as prominent as they were around thirty years ago. Even barber shops have become more male oriented. 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Tell Tale Heart Critical Analy Essay Example For Students

Tell Tale Heart Critical Analy Essay The Tell Tale Heart is a story, on the most basic level, of conflict. There is a mental conflict within the narrator himself (assuming the narrator is male). Through obvious clues and statements, Poe alerts the reader to the mental state of the narrator, which is insanity. The insanity is described as an obsession (with the old mans eye), which in turn leads to loss of control and eventually results in violence. Ultimately, the narrator tells his story of killing his housemate. Although the narrator seems to be blatantly insane, and thinks he has freedom from guilt, the feeling of guilt over the murder is too overwhelming to bear. The narrator cannot tolerate it and eventually confesses his supposed perfect; crime. People tend to think that insane persons are beyond the normal realm of reason shared by those who are in their right mind. This is not so; guilt is an emotion shared by all humans. The most demented individuals are not above the feeling of guilt and the havoc it causes to the psyche. Poes use of setting, character, and language reveal that even an insane person feels guilt. Therein lies the theme to The Tell Tale Heart: The emotion of guilt easily, if not eventually, crashes through the seemingly unbreakable walls of insanity. On the surface, the physical setting of The Tell Tale Heart is typical of the period and exceedingly typical of Poe. The narrator and the old man live in an old, dark house: (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers); (Poe 778). Most of the story takes place at night: And this I did for seven long nights-every night just at midnight;#8230;; (778). The physical aspect is not the most important component of setting for this analysis. More important are the mental and emotional settings. This clearly explains the personality of the narrator. One can assume the narrator is insane. He freely admits to his listener that he is ;#8230;-nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous;#8230;; (777). But he then asks, ;#8230;but why will you say that I am mad?; (777). He also admits that, The disease had sharpened my senses;#8230;; (777). If not insanity, what disease does he speak of? The reason for his actions was one of the old mans eyes: #8230;-a pale blue eye, with a film over it; (777). This is easily recognizable to the reader as an eye with cataract on it. This is nothing to obsess over, yet this eye #8230;haunted me day and night; (777). Any sane person would take a physical defect of another with a grain of salt. One statement by the narrator sums up his mental state: You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me; (777). What he is actually saying is: There are madmen who are clumsy in their actions, but not this madman!; This is as close to a self-admission of insanity as possible. The mental setting is put into place by the narrators own statements. This setting is pure chaos starting in the head of the killer and spilling out into the physical world around him resulting in an unnecessary death. When the narrator is explaining the end of his tale to the unnamed listener (presumably a jailor, or a mental health practitioner), he states the beating of the heart was unbearable on his conscious: I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited by the observations of the men-but the noise steadily increased;#8230;I foamed- I raved-I swore!;#8230;the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder-louder-louder!;#8230;They heard!-they suspected!-they knew!;#8230;I felt I must scream or die!;(780). The narrator proceeded to admit his killing of the old man. .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .postImageUrl , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:visited , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:active { border:0!important; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:active , .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee840bdea92ffbb02cace0a0a285448a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants Essay Obviously, his mental state was one of pure fear and disillusion. An auditory hallucination of a dead heart beating caused so much mental anguish in the narrator that it made him confess to the crime. This indeed shows insanity. Yet this insanity was not as strong as the guilt pushing through it. Another element that supports the theme is character. Poe never states if the narrator is male or female. The reader generally assumes that the narrator is male. A statement like ;#8230;would a madman be .

There is much to be said about individualism Essay Example For Students

There is much to be said about individualism Essay There is much to be said about individualism. Feelings of freedom and endless possibilities for individual growth are presented throughout these two novels. Although being an individual has its high points, it is not always the road to take. Billy Budd and Ignatius Reilly were both prime examples of individuals. They both showed individualism in their looks and their actions. Individualism ultimately killed or ran off each of these characters. Billy Budd has remarkable looks. He is known as the Handsome Sailor. He is tall with dark skin and rippling muscles. People admired him for his actions as well as his looks. He was the peacemaker on the ship. He was the individual everyone looked up and turned to. When Billy was going to be taken from his ship Captain Graveling was not happy about it, Lieutenant, you are going to take away my best man from me, the jewel of em Melville 46. Billy was then removed from the ship. His goodbye was thought of as rather odd though. He left the Rights-of-Man waving a genial goodbye. Melville 49 Many would be devastated if they were forced to serve their country but Billy looked at it as an opportunity to gain new experiences Ellis, He rather liked this adventurous turn in affairs, which promised an opening into novel scenes and martial excitements Melville 49. A final way he shows individualism is when the chaplain approached him at the end of the story trying to explain to him how to gain salvation before his death, but Billy stayed true to his beliefs about God Wood,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one whom though on the confines of death he felt he could never convert to a dogma; nor for all that did he fear for his future Melville 121. An individual sets out to do what they want to do. Here Billy Budd does not conform to the beliefs of others and sticks to what he believes right up to his death. Billy Budd shows the positive side of individualism. On the opposite side of that, Ignatius showed the negative side. Ignatius J. Reilly showed his individualism with his bad looks and his rude personality. He was very obese with black stringy hair and full-pursed lips, which protruded beneath the bushy black moustache. Toole13 The nature in which Ignatius dressed was rather unappealing to the general publics eye, Ignatius sent waves of flesh rippling beneath the tweed flannel, waves that broke upon buttons and seams Melville 13-14. These words put a picture in the readers mind and helps proves a point that Ignatius doesnt care how he looks, where most people do. A big way that Ignatius individualism shines through is how he lives his life. Ignatius, a 30-year-old man still living at home with his mother, does not have a job. He does not find this to be out of the norm. His mother and he have heated arguments of when he will go out and get a job, Ignatius a big man like you  cant pedal around on no bike delivering newspapers. Perhaps you could drive meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Listen, boy, you gonna go try somewheres tomorrow. I mean it Toole 73. When Ignatius does find a job he does not conform to what the rules are of the job. Wood He takes it upon himself to go above his superior and do his job the way he wants to, Ignatius went to the filling cabinets, picked up the accumulated and unfilled material, and threw it in the wastebasket Toole 125. To most, this would seem strange, but not to Ignatius. He likes to do things his way and not bow down to others rules. .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postImageUrl , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:visited , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active { border:0!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yesenia Rodriguez EssayBeing an individual has it good points and its bad. Billy Budd brought out all the high aspects of it by being a leader and peacemaker to all of his shipmates. Even though in the end he was punished for standing up for what he believes, in his individualism will not be forgotten by his crew. Ignatius, on the other hand, showed the low side of being an individual. His lifestyle did affect many people but in a negative instead of a positive way. Ignatius will be remembered as a bull-headed fat man who did not amount to anything, and Billy Budd will be remembered as the Handsome Sailor who made peoples lives a little easier. The authors try and include different ways of doing things in each of the stories. By making each of the characters an individual they can show how society works against those who choose to be different.