International Project-Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Project-Brazil - Essay Example There has been large variations and inequalities in income in the recent past owing to inflation, but have overcome these economic complexities. It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with GDP growth of 5%. The Brazil economy ranks the eighth largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and ninth largest in terms of purchasing power. The service industry is the largest contributor of GDP at 66% which is followed by the industry and agriculture sectors. Brazil has the 2nd biggest industrial sector in the Americas having diverse industries such as automobiles, steel, consumer products, computers to aircrafts. The Brazilian government has also introduced many programs to accelerate the growth and development of the economy. (Economy of Brazil, n.d) Brazil has developed drastically in the recent past in agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service related sectors. It is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The growth cycle in Brazil has been con sistent and ongoing since 1970. Given below the per GDP average from 1981-2008. The legal system in Brazil is based on codes and legislation which are controlled at the federal, municipal and state level which are based on Roman- Germanic traditions. Municipalities and federal districts have laws which do not contradict the federal constitution. The legal system is based on the civil law tradition and the country is ruled by the federal constitution. The highest court in Brazil is the supreme tribunal. There are a specialized court for military and labor and the usually the jurisdictions are handled and administered by judiciary entities. Brazil is a federal district and federal republic with 26 states. It is made of Executive, legislative and judicial branches and usually the president of the country can hold up the position for 4 consecutive years and can have his own cabinet ministers. The current

Hrm issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hrm issues - Essay Example Therefore, even though hiring such people might be more expensive for the company, the business will win in the long run since a team of professionals in their function is more likely to help in avoiding compensation payments following tribunal decisions than promoted and untrained people from within the company. As the working team is created it is the time to start the design of a strategic business development plan, which would address such issues as resourcing, training and rewarding employees. However, all these functions should be incorporated into a larger-scale plan for developing and maintaining such aspects of business behaviour as leadership, performance management and organizational culture, among others. The most immediate issues to solve are related to employees’ resourcing, training and reward systems. Resourcing System Armstrong (2000) outlines that among the major objectives of employee resourcing strategy are finding and hiring employees with the needed skill s, knowledge and training potential. These initial requirements to the choice of potential employees are, then, to become the basis for further development and motivation of the staff. However, since most of the company’s employees are unskilled, part- time or agency workers, it is worth to pay more attention to the attitudinal and behavioural characteristics of the potential employees (Townley, 1989). The employees should not view the company as a temporary place to work at. On the contrary, the organization should be perceived as a stable and developing company that provides a good long-term employment opportunity. To become such, the company has to modify its resourcing system. In the first place it is suggested to minimize the number of part-time and agency workers and use their services on an as needed basis. Though employing part-time employees provides higher levels of scheduling flexibility and reduces the wage and benefit costs (Conway and Briner, 2002), using their service should be limited to the busiest periods of business operations. This suggestion can be justified by the fact that, according the research conducted by Conway and Briner (2002), part-time employees have lower commitment, trust and loyalty levels in comparison to those of full-time employees. Therefore, employing people on a full-time basis will help, in the long run, to shape such, directly related to performance, aspects of employees’ behaviour as job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviour, loyalty and, therefore, efficiency. Furthermore, full-time employment will help people to develop organizational commitment and trust and, as a result, will reduce turnover. At the same time, effectively designed training and rewards systems are the other elements of business operations that are to have a significant impact on the reduction of turnover. Another important aspect to deal with is hiring supervisors to manage the work of the production staff. Currently the production director of the company chooses and draws supervisors from the production st

Correlation between ESL students Research Paper

Correlation between ESL students - Research Paper Example Two studies were done in regards to preparing instructors to teach critical languages particularly Chinese and Arabic before joining US schools. The examination was geared towards illuminating the effects of on-going professional opportunities and pedagogical training. The need to train the teachers was informed by lack of background on different religious practices, cultures and ethnicities by pre-service teachers. Lack of exposure to diverse cultures by most of the foreign teachers impacted on their teaching since they relied mostly on myths and stereotypical misconceptions. The ultimate result was poor performance for ESL students not exposed to American culture in IETLS. Millennial learners are racially diverse. They have exhibit varying ethnic, religious, educational, cultural behaviors and characteristics leading to differences in the ability and capacity to adapt new languages, particularly English. According to Ota, millennial learners vary across regions as per socio-economi c conditions. It is more dependent on familiarity and use of digital technologies, media and communications. There is a gap between efforts students have in the classroom and what they finally score in IELTS leading to a need to carry out a qualitative analysis on more than 100 participants particularly millennial learners to establish whether narratives on ESL and IELTS especially in regards to bridging the gap between the two.  The major issue faced by Saudi students being taught IELTS in U.S.  Ã‚  

Security information and event management

Security information and event management Introduction: Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) automates incident identification and resolution based on built in business rules to help improve compliance and alert staff to critical intrusions. IT audits, standards and regulatory requirements have now become an important part of most enterprises day-to-day responsibilities. As part of that burden, organizations are spending significant time and energy scrutinizing their security and event logs to track which systems have been accessed, by whom, what activity took place and whether it was appropriate. Organizations are increasingly looking towards data-driven automation to help ease the burden. As a result, the SIEM has taken form and has provided focused solutions to the problem. The security information and event management market is driven by an extremely increasing need for customers to meet compliance requirements as well as continued need for real-time awareness of external and internal threats. Customers need to analyze sec urity event data in real time (for threat management) and to analyze and report on log data and primarily this has made security information and event management market more demanding. The market remains fragmented, with no dominant vendor. This report entitled Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Solutions gives a clear view of the SIEM solutions and whether they can help to improve intrusion detection and response. Following this introduction is the background section which deeply analyzes the evolution of the SIEM, its architecture, its relationship with the log management and the need for SIEM products. In the analysis section, I have analyzed the SIEM functions in detail along with real world examples. Finally the conclusion section summarizes the paper. Background: What is SIEM? Security Information and Event Management solutions are a combination of two different products namely, SIM (security information management) and SEM (security event management). SIEM technology provides real-time analysis of security alerts generated by network hardware and applications. The objective of SIEM is to help companies respond to attacks faster and to organize mountains of log data. SIEM solutions come as software, appliances or managed services. Increasingly, SIEM solutions are being used to log security data and generate reports for compliance purposes. Though Security Information and Event Management and log management tools have been complementary for years, the technologies are expected to merge. Evolution of SIEM: SIEM emerged as companies found themselves spending a lot of money on intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS). These systems were helpful in detecting external attacks, but because of the reliance on signature-based engines, a large number of false positives were generated. The first-generation SIEM technology was designed to reduce this signal-to-noise ratio and helped to capture the most critical external threats. Using rule-based correlation, SIEM helped IT detect real attacks by focusing on a subset of firewall and IDS/IPS events that were in violation of policy. Traditionally, SIEM solutions have been expensive and time-intensive to maintain and tweak, but they solve the big headache of sorting through excessive false alerts and they effectively protect companies from external threats. While that was a step in the right direction, the world got more complicated when new regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard follo wed much stricter internal IT controls and assessment. To satisfy these requirements, organizations are required to collect, analyze, report on and archive all logs to monitor activities inside their IT infrastructures. The idea is not only to detect external threats, but also to provide periodic reports of user activities and create forensics reports surrounding a given incident. Though SIEM technologies collect logs, they process only a subset of data related to security breaches. They werent designed to handle the sheer volume of log data generated from all IT components, such as applications, switches, routers, databases, firewalls, operating systems, IDS/IPS and Web proxies. With an idea to monitor user activities rather than external threats, log management entered the market as a technology with architecture to handle much larger volumes of data and with the ability to extend to meet the demands of the largest enterprises. Companies implement log management and SIEM solutions to satisfy different business requirements, and they have also find out that the two technologies work well together. Log management tools are designed to collect report and archive a large volume and breadth of log data , whereas SIEM solutions are designed to correlate a subset of log data to point out the most critical security events. On looking at an enterprise IT arsenal, it is likely to see both log management and SIEM. Log management tools often assume the role of a log data warehouse that filters and forwards the necessary log data to SIEM solutions for correlation. This combination helps in optimizing the return on investment while also reducing the cost for implementing SIEM. In these tough economic times it is likely to see IT trying to stretch its logging technologies to solve even more problems. It will expect its log management and SIEM technologies to work closer together and reduce overlapping functionalities. Relation between SIEM and log management: Like many things in the IT industry, theres a lot of market positioning and buzz coming around regarding how the original term of SIM (Security Information Management), the subsequent marketing term SEM (Security Event Management), the newer combined term of SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) relate to the long standing process of log management. The basics of log management are not new. Operating systems, devices and applications all generate logs of some sort that contain system-specific events and notifications. The information in logs may vary in overall usefulness, but before one can derive much value out of them, they first need to be enabled, then transported and eventually stored. Therefore the way that one does gather this data from an often distributed range of systems and get it into a centralized (or at least semi-centralized) location is the first challenge of log management that counts. There are varying techniques to accomplish centralization, ranging from standardizing on the syslog mechanism and then deploying centralized syslog servers, to using commercial products to address the log data acquisition, transport and storage issues. Some of the other issues in log management include working around network bottlenecks, establishing reliable event transport (such as syslog over UDP), setting requirements around encryption, and managing the raw data storage issues. So the first steps in this process are figuring out what type of log and event information is in need to gather, how to transport it, and where to store it. But that leads to another major consideration about what should one person want to do with all those data. It is at this point where the basic log management ends and the higher-level functions associated with SIEM begins. SIEM products typically provide many of the features that remain essential for log management but add event-reduction, alerting and real-time analysis capabilities. They provide the layer of technology that allows one to say with confidence that not only are logs being gathered but they are also being reviewed. SIEM also allows for the importation of data that isnt necessarily even t-driven (such as vulnerability scanning reports) and it is known as the Information portion of SIEM. SIEM architecture: Long term log management and forensic queries need a database built for capacity, with file management and compression tools. Short term threat analysis and correlation need real time data, CPU and RAM. The solution for this is as follows: >Split the feeds to two concurrent engines. >Optimize one for real time and storage up to 30 days of data. (100-300GB) >Optimize the second for log compression, retention, and query functions. (1TB+) The block diagram showing the architecture of the SIEM is as follows: [Source: Reference 2] A collector is a process that gathers data. Collectors are produced in many shapes and sizes from agents that run on the monitored device, to centralized logging devices with pre-processors to split stream the data. These can be simple REGEX file parsing applications, or complex agents for OPSEC, LEA, for .Net/WMI, SDEE/RDEP, or ODBC/SQL queries. Not all security devices are kind enough to forward data, and multiple input methods, including active pull capabilities, are very essential. Also, since SYSLOG data is not encrypted, it may need a collector to provide encrypted transport. A threat analysis engine will need to run in real time, continuously processing and correlating events of interest passed to it by the collector, and reporting to a console or presentation layer application about the threats found. Typically reporting events that has happened for 30 days are sufficient for operational considerations. A log manager will need to store a great deal of data, and may take either raw logs or filtered events of interest, and need to compress store and index the data for long term forensic analysis and compliance reporting. Capacity for 18 months or more of data is likely to be required. Year end closing of books and the arrival of the auditors often necessitate the need for 12 months of historic data plus padding of several months while books are finalized and an audit to be completed. At the presentation layer a console will present the events to the security staff and managers. This is the primary interface to the system for day to day operations, and should efficiently prioritize and present the events with a full history and correlation rationale. SIEM functions: With some subtle differences, there are four major functions of SIEM solutions. They are as follows: 1. Log Consolidation centralized logging to a server 2. Threat Correlation the artificial intelligence used to sort through multiple logs and log entries to identify attackers 3. Incident Management workflow What happens once a threat is identified? (link from identification to containment and eradication). Notification email, pagers, informs to enterprise managers (MOM, HP Openview) Trouble Ticket Creation Automated responses execution of scripts (instrumentation) Response and Remediation logging 4. Reporting Operational Efficiency/Effectiveness Compliance / SOX, HIPPA, FISMA. Ad Hoc / Forensic Investigations Coming to the business case for SIEM, all engineers are perpetually drawn to new technology, but purchasing decisions should by necessity be based on need and practicality. Even though the functions provided by SIEM are impressive they must be chosen only if they fit an enterprises needs. Why use a SIEM? There are two branches on the SIEM tree namely, operational efficiency and effectiveness, and log management/compliance. Both are achievable with a good SIEM tool. However since there is a large body of work on log management, and compliance has multiple branches, this coursework will focus only on using a SIEM tool effectively to point out the real attackers, and the worst threats to improve security operations efficiency and effectiveness. It can be believed that the most compelling reason for a SIEM tool from an operational perspective is to reduce the number of security events on any given day to a manageable, actionable list, and to automate analysis such that real attacks and intruders can be discerned. As a whole, the number of IT professionals, and security focused individuals at any given company has decreased relative to the complexity and capabilities demanded by an increasingly inter networked web. While one solution may have dozens of highly skilled security engineers on staff pouring through individual event logs to identify threats, SIEM attempts to automate that process and can achieve a legitimate reduction of 99.9+% of security event data while it actually increases the effective detection over traditional human driven monitoring. This is why SIEM is preferred by most of the companies. Reasons to use a SIEM: To know the need for a SIEM tool in an organization is very important. A defense in depth strategy (industry best practice) utilizes multiple devices: Firewalls, IDS, AV, AAA, VPN, User Events LDAP/NDS/NIS/X.500, Operating System Logs which can easily generate hundreds of thousands of events per day, in some cases, even millions. No matter how good a security engineer is, about 1,000 events per day is a practical maximum that a security engineer is about to deal with. So if the security team is to remain small they will need to be equipped with a good SIEM tool. No matter how good an individual device is, if not monitored and correlated, each device can be bypassed individually, and the total security capabilities of a system will not exceed its weakest link. When monitored as a whole, with cross device correlation, each device will signal an alert as it is attacked raising awareness and threat indications at each point allowing for additional defences to be brought into play, and i ncident response proportional to the total threat. Even some of the small and medium businesses with just a few devices are seeing over 100,000 events per day. This has become usual in most of the companies says the internet. Real world examples: Below are event and threat alert numbers from two different sites currently running with 99.xx% correlation efficiency on over 100,000 events per day, among which one industry expert referred to as amateur level, stating that 99.99 or 99.999+% efficiency on well in excess of 1,000,000 events per day is more common. Manufacturing Company Central USA 24 hour average, un-tuned SIEM day of deployment Alarms Generated 3722 Correlation Efficiency 99.06% Critical / Major Level Alerts 170 Effective Efficiency 99.96% [Source: Reference 2] In this case, using a SIEM allows the companys security team (2 people in an IT staff of 5), to respond to 170 critical and major alerts per day (likely to decrease as the worst offenders are firewalled out, and the worst offenses dealt with), rather than nearly 400,000. Financial Services Organization 94,600 events 153 actionable alerts 99.83% reduction. [Source: Reference 2] The company above deals with a very large volume of financial transactions, and a missed threat can mean real monetary losses. With respect to the Business Case, a good SIEM tool can provide the analytics, and the knowledge of a good security engineer can be automated and repeated against a mountain of events from a range of devices. Instead of 1,000 events per day, an engineer with a SIEM tool can handle 100,000 events per day (or more). And a SIEM does not leave at night, find another job, take a break or take vacations. It will be working always. SIEM Selection Criteria: The first thing one should look at is the goal. (i.e.) what should the SIEM do for them. If you just need log management then make the vendor can import data from ALL of the available log sources. Not all events are sent via SYSLOG. Some may be sent through: Checkpoint LEA Cisco IDS RDEP/SDEE encryption Vulnerability Scanner Databases Nessus, Eeye, ISS AS/400 Mainframes flat files Databases ODBC/SQL queries Microsoft .Net/WMI Consider a product that has a defined data collection process that can pull data (queries, retrieve files, WMI api calls), as well as accept input sent to it. And it is essential to be aware that logs, standards, and formats change, several (but not all), vendors can adapt by parsing files with REGEX and importing if one can get them a file. However log management itself is not usually an end goal. It matters about for what purpose these logs are used for. They may be used for threat identification, compliance reporting or forensics. It is also essential to know whether the data captured is in real-time. If threat identification is the primary goal, 99+% correlation/consolidation/aggregation is easily achievable, and when properly tuned, 99.99+% efficiency is within reach (1-10 actionable threat alerts / 100,000 events). If compliance reporting is the primary goal, then consider what regulations one is subject to. Frequently a company is subject to multiple compliance requirements. Consider a fortune 500 company like General Electrics. As a publicly traded company GE is subject to SOX, as a vendor of medical equipment and software they are subject to HIPPA, as a vendor to the Department of Defense, they are subject to FISMA. In point of fact, GE must produce compliance reports for at least one corporate division for nearly each and every regulation. Two brief notes on compliance, and one should look at architecture: Beware of vendors with canned reports. While they may be very appealing, and sound like a solution, valid compliance and auditing is about matching output to ones stated policies, and must be customized to match each companys published policies. Any SIEM that can collect all of the required data, meet ISO 177999, and provide timely monitoring can be used to aid in compliance. Compliance i s a complex issue with many management, and financial process requirements, it is not just a function or report IT can provide. Advanced SIEM Topics: Risk Based Correlation / Risk Profiling Correlation based on risk can dramatically reduce the number of rules required for effective threat identification. The threat and target profiles do most of the work. If the attacks are risk profiled, three relatively simple correlation rules can identify 99%+ of the attacks. They are as follows: IP Attacker repeat offenders IP Target repeat targets Vulnerability Scan + IDS Signature match Single Packet of Doom Risk Based Threat Identification is one of the more effective and interesting correlation methods, but has several requirements: >A Metabase of Signatures Cisco calls the attack X, ISS calls it Y, Snort calls it Z Cross Reference the data >Requires automated method to keep up to date. >Threats must be compiled and threat weightings applied to each signature/event. Reconnaissance events are low weighting but aggregate and report on the persistent (low and slow) attacker Finger Printing a bit more specific, a bit higher weighting Failed User Login events a medium weighting, could be an unauthorized attempt to access a resource, or a forgotten password. Buffer Overflows, Worms and Viruses -high weighting -potentially destructive events one need to respond to unless one has already patched/protected the system. >The ability to learn or adjust to ones network Input or auto-discover which systems, are business critical vs. which are peripherals, desktops, and non-essential >Risk Profiling: Proper application of trust weightings to reporting devices (NIST 800-42 best practice), can also help to lower cry wolf issues with current security management Next-generation SIEM and log management: One area where the tools can provide the most needed help is in compliance. Corporations increasingly face the challenge of staying accountable to customers, employees and shareholders, and that means protecting IT infrastructure, customer and corporate data, and complying with rules and regulations as defined by the government and industry. Regulatory compliance is here to stay, and under the Obama administration, corporate accountability requirements are likely to grow. Log management and SIEM correlation technologies can work together to provide more comprehensive views to help companies satisfy their regulatory compliance requirements, make their IT and business processes more efficient and reduce management and technology costs in the process. IT organizations also will expect log management and intelligence technologies to provide more value to business activity monitoring and business intelligence. Though SIEM will continue to capture security-related data, its correlation engine can be re-appropriated to correlate business processes and monitor internal events related to performance, uptime, capability utilization and service-level management. We will see the combined solutions provide deeper insight into not just IT operations but also business processes. For example, we can monitor business processes from step A to Z and, if a step gets missed, well see where and when. In short, by integrating SIEM and log management, it is easy to see how companies can save by de-duplicating efforts and functionality. The functions of collecting, archiving, indexing and correlating log data can be collapsed. That will also lead to savings in the resources required and in the maintenance of the tools. CONCLUSION: SIEM is a complex technology, and the market segment remains in flux. SIEM solutions require a high level of technical expertise and SIEM vendors require extensive partner training and certification. SIEM gets more exciting when one can apply log-based activity data and security-event-inspired correlation to other business problems. Regulatory compliance, business activity monitoring and business intelligence are just the tip of the iceberg. Leading-edge customers are already using the tools to increase visibility and the security of composite Web 2.0 applications, cloud-based services and mobile devices. The key is to start with a central record of user and system activity and build an open architecture that lets different business users access the information to solve different business problems. So there is no doubt in SIEM solutions helping the intrusion detection and response to improve. References: 1. Nicolett.M., Williams.A.T., Proctor.P.E. (2006) Magic Quadrant for Security Information and Event Management, 1H06 RA3 1192006. 2. Swift.D. (2006) A Practical Application of SIM/SEM/SIEM Automating Threat Identification 3. SIEM: A Market Snapshot (2007) from http://www.crn.com/security/197002909;jsessionid=BVQXTH11HH14JQE1GHPSKH4ATMY32JVN [Date Accessed: 20th November,2009]. 4. WHAT IS SIEM (2008) from http://www.exploresiem.com/resource-center.html [Date Accessed: 24th November, 2009]. 5. Securing and Managing Your Enterprise: An Integrated Approach (2008) from http://www.exploresiem.com/images/WP-Securing-and-Managing-Your-Enterprise.pdf [Date Accessed: 25th November, 2009]. 6. Shipley .G.(2008) Are SIEM and log management the same thing? from http://www.networkworld.com/reviews/2008/063008-test-siem-log-integration.html [Date Accessed: 26th November, 2009] 7. Levin.D. (2009) The convergence of SIEM and log management from http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2009/031909-tech-update.html [Date Accessed: 26th November, 2009]

Hades vs. Demons :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Hades vs. Demons Greek Mythology and Religion Mythology is the study and explanation of myth of a particular culture. Myth, is a cultural phenomenon that can have many different point of views. Mythology and religion in the past still influence today. It is difficult to imagine that ancient myth and history has had a tremendous impact not only in today's culture but also in lifestyle and religious beliefs. To some extend, people rather believe that there is no consequence in your sins in the afterlife. Mythic stories, for example, show how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain manners, and specific human activities originated. Ancient Greek religion has been the main stream of investigation and research from classic times to the modern day. In Greek mythology, Hades, also known as Pluto, is the god and ruler of the underworld, which is the kingdom of the dead. He is an egotistic god, who is greatly concerned with expanding his society. Often Hades is severely cautious and selective on permitting any of his people to leave. It's unquestionable that even the commander of the underworld had fallen in love with Persephone. Although the relationship between Hades and Persephone appears to have established badly, their union was peaceful. For most, life in the underworld was not enjoyable. It's more like a tormented and miserable dream, full of shadows, without sunlight or hope, a joyless place where the dead slowly fade into nonexistence. It's a realm not only for the sinners but also for the saints. When we speak of demons we immediatelymagine of a red evil spirit with an extended pointy tail. But many of us ask ourselves, Demons? Where and how did demons come about? The word demon is derived from the Greek daimon, which in ancient times signified various kinds of spirits or semi-gods, which particularly weren't evil. The term "demons" was not always understood to have the absolutely negative indication that it does today. Our current use of the term "Demon" is a malignant spirit, which usually from the New Testament. However there is still great indecision as to whether or not demons are considered to be distinct and separate from the devil and his fallen angels. It is mentioned in the New Testament, chapter 5, verse 12, by Josepheus a method of exorcism which is prescribed by Solomon. "Prevailed or succeeded greatly among them down to the present time" .

Pygmalion: the Play and Higgins Essay

Pygmalion is a primarily Shavian reworking of Ovid’s Metamorphoses with undertones of Cinderella. Romance and satire dominate both the play’s plot as well as style. Shaw takes a strong central situation–the transformation of a common flower girl into a lady–and surrounds it with superficial trimmings. There is technical innovation in the plot structure since Shaw, under the influence of Ibsen, replaces the stock Victorian formula of exposition, situation and unraveling with exposition, situation and discussion. The plot thus has three distinct stages of development. In the first stage Professor Henry Higgins, who is an expert in phonetics, transforms a common flower girl into an artificial replica of a lady by teaching her how to speak correctly. Prior to this Eliza’s life has been miserable. As a poor flower girl she coaxes money out of prospective customers and is thrilled when she suddenly receives a handful of coins that Higgins throws into her basket. She lacks the capacity to express her feelings articulately and an indiscriminate sound of vowels â€Å"Ah – ah – ow – ow – oo† serves to connote a multitude of emotions ranging from pain, wonder, and fear to delight. However she is not entirely depraved and is at least self-reliant enough to earn her own livelihood by selling flowers. In Act Two Eliza arrives at Higgins’ laboratory at Wimpole Street and haughtily demands that Higgins teach her to speak correctly so that she can become a lady in a flower shop. This desire for financial security and social respectability constitutes a step forward in her larger quest for self- realization. For Higgins Eliza is simply a phonetic experiment, a view that dehumanizes her and results in the creation of an artificial automaton-like replica of a lady. In the second stage of the play the audience encounters an Eliza who has become an artificial duchess. She is no longer a flower girl but is not quite a lady. During Mrs. Higgins’ at-home she proceeds to deliver Lisson Grove gossip with an upper class accent. She is nothing more than a live doll and there is an element of crudity in her parrot-like conversation. The mask of gentility that she wears only partially hides her low class background. Shaw demonstrates here that having fine clothes and the right accent are not enough to make a lady. The fact that the Eynsford-Hills fail to see through her facade implies that they too do not possess true gentility. By the time that Eliza returns after her triumphant society appearance at the Ambassador’s ball, she no longer exhibits this element of crudity. She has benefited from Higgins’s lessons in achieving social poise and has acquired the ability to articulate her thoughts and feelings. She has begun to think for herself and is capable of manipulating any situation to her advantage. The play enters into the third phase of development in Act Four. Eliza now encounters the great moment of truth and reality of her situation. Her education has created in her an intense dissatisfaction with the old way of life and she is not exactly pleased about the avenues open to her as a lady. She realizes that her social acquisitions do not enable her to fulfill her aspirations or even earn a living. She becomes aware of the wide disparity between her desires and the inadequacy of the means for fulfilling them. She repudiates Higgins’ suggestion that she could marry a wealthy husband and wryly comments that earlier â€Å"I sold flowers, I didn’t sell myself† while now that she has been made a lady she isn’t fit to sell anything. She has thrown away her mask and reveals a newfound maturity. She throws Higgins’ slippers at him and thereby breaks free from a life of subjugation and dependence. Critics feel that at this point the play enters into a period of calm and the main impetus of the action dissipates. Eliza’s society appearance has been a tremendous success and after the climatic encounter between Higgins and Eliza in Act Four the dramatic tension disappears. Eliza runs away to Mrs. Higgins and the only issue left is the resolution of her relationship with Higgins. The readers have to agree that the main impetus of the action has disappeared since all the preceding acts had been gearing up for the crucial moment of Eliza’s test. Now Alfred Doolittle’s strategic second appearance performs a resuscitating act for the play in its dying stage. Doolittle’s transformation from a dustman to a gentleman also provides an ironic comment on Eliza’s metamorphosis. After this brief spirit of energy the action returns to the issue at hand – the relationship between Eliza and Higgins. Eliza has developed into a self-sufficient woman and has become a perfect match for Higgins. She has garnered the requisite strength of character and maturity of thought to face life courageously. Gentility has become an integral aspect of her personality. No longer afraid of Higgins, she treats him as an equal. She negates his role in her transformation and insists that it was the Colonel’s generosity and courteous behavior, which truly made her a lady. She rejects Higgins’ proposal that he, she and Pickering live together like old bachelor friends and astounds him by announcing that she will marry Freddy instead and support him by offering herself as an assistant to Nepommuck. Higgins, although hurt at Eliza’s suggestion of assisting the detestable Nepommuck, is nevertheless happy that Eliza is no longer a whining helpless creature but a tower of strength and a woman at last. The play concludes on an uncertain note and the readers do not know whether she might indeed marry Higgins. This reflects Shaw’s inherent distaste for finality. In the majority of his plays the issues and conflicts they deal with are never quite resolved and the audience is left wondering about what will happen after the curtain falls. However Shaw realizing the importance of an ending does provide a resolution in the epilogue. The dramalies neither in the conflict, nor in the discussion or the exposition. The conflict itself arises over the issue of the resolution of the problem. Unless there is a resolution, there is no drama, for the action remains incomplete. Action always has to be completed either comically or tragically. Hence in the epilogue, Shaw resolves the issue by making Eliza marry Freddy Hill. It was typical of Shaw to have provided such an anti-romantic conclusion to the play. Many commentators accuse Shaw of deliberately twisting the natural end of Pygmalion merely to make the play unromantic. But critics would do well to remember that the actual point of ending is not the issue of Eliza’s marriage but her achievement of liberty. While throughout the play Higgins boasts of having transformed a common flower girl into a duchess, after Eliza’s climactic assertion of independence from his domination he remarks, â€Å"I said I’d make a woman of you; and I have. † In this perspective the original ambiguous ending seems preferable to the neat resolution given in the epilogue.

Antibiotic Sensitivity In Microorganisms Biology Essay Essay Example

Antibiotic Sensitivity In Microorganisms Biology Essay Essay Example Antibiotic Sensitivity In Microorganisms Biology Essay Essay Antibiotic Sensitivity In Microorganisms Biology Essay Essay Antibiotics are compounds that putting to death or inhibit micro-organisms from turning. Antibiotics can be made from natural merchandises, such as bacteriums and Fungis, or man-made chemicals. Individual antibiotics are effectual against specific bacteriums by selectively aiming or modulating some important procedure in the microbic cells. Bacterias that produce antibiotics to modulate the growing of their neighbours need to develop opposition for self-defense. Antibiotics work by suppressing the needed synthesis and tracts, such as cell wall synthesis, production of proteins required for reproduction, written text, and interlingual rendition, and disrupting phospholipid bilayers to increase cell permeableness ( Walsh, 2003 ) . Their short coevals times may take to the development of mutants that would perchance give them resistance to different antibiotics. Once a cistron has been found to let a bacteria to go immune to an antibiotic, the bacteria will be selected for survival adva ntage. Antibiotic opposition can be obtained through geting an R ( opposition ) plasmid, an excess chromosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid that carries an antibiotic opposition cistron ( Woolfolk et al. , 2004 ) . Some bacteriums are even immune to multiple antibiotics. The impairment in societal conditions has besides shown to increase the spread of infective diseases ( Walsh, 2003 ) . As medical specialty progresss, antibiotic opposition additions because over clip bacteriums can germinate and develop opposition. Antibiotics have been overprescribed and used falsely, such as non following the dose instructions given by the physician. Antibiotics are besides unsuitably prescribed for virus infections, which would non hold any consequence. Continuous over-dosage of antibiotics can besides kill the normal vegetations that protects us from some pathogens and toxins. Even with all the antibiotics and vaccinums that have been discovered up until today, there will neer be adequate antibiotics. There will ever be an antibiotic opposition job. New antibiotics are needed to battle new strains of bacteriums that arise from antimicrobic opposition. The Kirby-Bauer method is one of the common techniques used in clinical research labs to prove susceptibleness of different strains of bacteriums to an array of antibiotics ( Woolfolk et al. , 2004 ) . This technique allows us to detect the minimal repressive concentration ( MIC ) of antimicrobic activity. The MIC is the smallest concentration of the antibiotic that will halt the growing of bacteriums. The process works by insulating a pure strain of bacteriums from a beginning and is uniformly dispersed onto Mueller-Hinton agar. Small filter paper phonograph record that contain different antibiotics are suspended onto the surface of the agar home base. The antibiotic will spread into the Mueller-Hinton agar home base and this will bring forth a glade around the phonograph record that will suppress bacterial growing if the bacteriums do non hold a opposition cistron for the antibiotic. Susceptibility can be determined by mensurating the diameter of the zone of growing suppression tha t is produced around the antibiotic paper phonograph record. The aim of the antimicrobic susceptibleness testing is to compare the antimicrobic capablenesss of Gram-negative bacteriums and Gram-positive bacteriums from Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, severally. The consequences from the Kirby-Bauer method are so compared to the standard consequences in the CLSI Document M100-S17 ( M2 ) : Disk Diffusion Supplemental Tables, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ( Woolfolk et al. , 2004 ) . Consequences Genus name: Gram positive isolate Gram negative isolate Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacter spp. Antibiotic Zone of suppression ( millimeter ) Recorded sensitiveness Expected sensitiveness Zone of suppression ( millimeter ) Recorded sensitiveness AMOXICILLIN/ Clavulanic Acid 38 Susceptible Susceptible 40 Susceptible Azithromycin 30 Susceptible Susceptible 31 Susceptible Cephalothin 40 Susceptible Susceptible 34 Susceptible Ciprofloxacin 40 Susceptible Susceptible 39 Susceptible Gentamicin 30 Susceptible Susceptible 24 Susceptible PENICILLIN G 27 Intermediate Susceptible 21 Immune Piperacillin 28 Susceptible Susceptible 24 Susceptible POLYMYXIN B 18 Susceptible Immune 9 Intermediate Rifampin 44 Susceptible Susceptible 35 Susceptible Sulfadiazine 0 Immune Susceptible 0 Immune Tetracycline 35 Susceptible Susceptible 30 Susceptible Vancomycin 22 Susceptible Susceptible 14 Immune The above chart includes the diameter ( zone of suppression ) that was measured for each ascertained round glade of each antibiotic for S. aureus and Enterobacter spp. From the zone of suppression, the sensitiveness of the bacterium was determined and compared to the expected sensitiveness. The S. aureus isolate is immune to sulfadiazine, intercede to penicillin G, and susceptible to all of the other antibiotics. The Enterobacter spp. isolate is immune to penicillin G, sulfadiazine, intermediate to polymyxin B, and susceptible to all of the other antibiotics. Discussion The interpretative criterions for the Kirby-Bauer technique was used to find whether the bacteriums are susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to the antibiotic ( Woolfolk et al. , 2004 ) . After 48 hours in incubation at 37 A ; deg ; C, each home base is examined. If the bacterium run was done decently, there should be a lawn of bacteriums growing. Improper streaking ( e.g. extremely diluted sample, light streaking ) will take to the presence of single settlements. If bacterial growing is inhibited by the MIC at the site of infection, the being is considered to be susceptible. The intermediate class means that bacterial growing is still observed within the expected perimeter of the expected handbill glade, but non every bit much as susceptible bacteriums. If bacterial growing is still observed in the presence of the antibiotic, the being is considered to be immune to the antibiotic. Not all of the isolates conform to the form of antibiotic opposition sensitiveness. The unexpected opposition of these bacteriums may be due to the fact that I was antecedently exposed to ampicillin and kanamycin in a research lab. The Enterobacter spp. isolate was out of the blue susceptible to azithromycin and rifampin. Azithromycin and Rifadin are non supposed to suppress the growing of Gram-negative bacteriums. In an agar dilution method carried out by Chayani et Al. ( 2009 ) , Enterobacter spp. isolates were found to hold a 0 % susceptibleness to azithromycin with an MIC A ; lt ; 8Â µg/mL and 100 % opposition to azithromycin with an MIC A ; gt ; 8Â µg/mL, and 33.33 % susceptibleness to azithromycin by the usage of the disc diffusion method. Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by adhering to the 50S rRNA. The 50S fractional monetary unit is common in all procaryotes ; therefore it is possible that Zithromax can aim the 50S fractional mo netary unit in the Enterobacter spp. isolate. Rifampin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is chiefly active against Gram-positive bacteriums and can hold minimum consequence on Gram-negative bacteriums. The antibiotic specifically acts on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which blocks messenger RNA synthesis and interferes with nucleic acerb metamorphosis. In Kerry et Al. s survey ( 1975 ) , Rifadin was shown to hold an consequence against all strains of Enterobacter spp. Enterobacter spp. s opposition to penicillin G was expected, but its opposition towards sulfadiazine does non conform to the criterion of antibiotic opposition sensitiveness. Sulfadiazine is portion of the household of sulfonamide antibiotics. Bacterial opposition to one sulfa drug antibiotic can take to resistance to all antibiotics within the sulfonamide household ( Rosenkranz et al. , 1974 ) . Sulfadiazine has a broad spectrum that works on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteriums, which could explicate why Enterobacter spp. and S. aureus isolates were both immune to sulfadiazine. Sulfadiazine interferes with the production of folic acid, which is required for bacterial growing. Sulfadiazine inhibits p-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) , which interferes with the folic acerb metamorphosis rhythm because PABA is usually converted to folic acid by the bacteriums ( Rosenkranz et al. , 1974 ) . A possible ground to how both Enterobacter spp. and S. aureus became immune to sulfadiazine is because both isolates were taken after exposure to the Kantrex antibiotic. In a survey done by Rosenkranz et Al. ( 1974 ) , they noticed that isolates of Enterobacter cloa cae that were immune to sulfadiazine are besides immune to carbenicillin and kanamycin. The opposition to carbenicillin and kanamycin suggested the possibility that there is a presence of an R plasmid which would transport the determiners for carbenicillin and Kantrex opposition. Strains with an R plasmid displayed an enhanced opposition to sulfadiazine. R plasmids carry the opposition cistron that encodes proteins to undergo assorted mechanisms to short-circuit the antibiotic, such as demobilizing antibiotics via chemical alteration, barricading the antibiotic from acquiring into the cell and taking the antibiotic if it does acquire into the cell, making a replacement mark for the antibiotic, or have alternate tracts that are non sensitive to the antibiotic ( Woolfolk et al. , 2004 ) . The S. aureus isolate was out of the blue susceptible to polymyxin B and resistant to sulfadiazine. Polymyxin B inhibits the growing of Gram-negative bacteriums by interfering with the phospholipids, hence increasing cell permeableness. This antibiotic does non hold much consequence on Gram-positive bacteriums because the cell wall is excessively thick for the antibiotic to acquire entree to the membrane. It is possible that the concentration of the polymyxin B was much greater than the S. aureus isolate denseness, leting the antibiotic to be more effectual and efficient to killing Gram-positive bacteriums. Polymyxin B was found to hold small consequence on different strains of S. aureus, but however there was still some consequence against Gram-positive bacteriums ( Scott et al. , 1999 ) . Lipoteichoic acid ( LPA ) is a big constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteriums. Polymyxin B contains a cationic construction that would interact with the LPA of Gram-positive bacteriu ms because the construction of LPA contains an overall negative charge. Some attacks, such as new trial methods, different micro-organisms, and fluctuation of civilization conditions, have been used to better the opportunities of happening new substances. Microbiologists are now analyzing conserved unfastened reading frames that are alone to procaryotes and non eucaryotes. Old marks, such as cell wall biogenesis, protein biogenesis, and DNA reproduction and fix, are being studied more exhaustively to develop new and more effectual antibiotics. There have besides been new marks, such as bacterial fatty acid, isoprenoid, isocitrate lyase, and lipid A in Gram-negative bacteriums, which are speculated to be susceptible to new antibiotics ( Walsh, 2003 ) . New antibiotics are being developed as we increase our cognition of bacterial mechanisms and physiology, but in order for antibiotics to stay effectual against bacterial infections antibiotics must be prescribed and taken in right dose and in relevant infections.